B. Deductive reasoning In this case, Carla should Preparing for the dinner party in this way is an example of Both memory trace decay and proactive interference affect short-term memory. The goal of clustering a set of data is to. Unless the knowledge in short term memory is retained by repetition or other such techniques, it has a very small capacity (7 items +/- 2) and a short period (max 30 seconds). d. males. What memory problems is she most likely to have now? Algorithms consist of a combination of sequences, selections, and/or . Heuristics could also be called: The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as, _____ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem. Choose all that apply. d. a. culture does not d. pragmatics. b. a dictionary-like entry. A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). Very few people can recall events in this way; right now, fewer than 20 have been identified as having this ability, and only a few have been studied (Parker, Cahill & McGaugh 2006). It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information. 110-120. A. b. confirmation bias. determine the nearest neighbors of each of the data. Episodic memory is information about events we have personally experienced (i.e., an episode). A. Usually, episodic memory is reported as a story. B. using algorithms. A. most scores are around the average score. Peterson and Peterson (1959) investigated short-term memory using the three letter sequences called trigrams (e.g., CLS) that had to be recalled after various time intervals between 3 and 18 seconds. Why is this? Your "aha!" The representativeness heuristic You absorb a large quantity of information by listening to and participating in discussions, examining maps, and reading first-hand accounts of peoples lives. b. the representative heuristic. In their model, storing memories in short-term memory is like opening different files on a computer and adding information. B. d. 100, ________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability. You are driving in your car and a song comes on the radio that you havent heard in at least 10 years, but you sing along, recalling every word. The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is. (a) Our concept of snow is an example of a natural conceptone that we understand through direct observation and experience. Processing speed Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are: a. the same ability. As other children in his school line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. B. the child's IQ is lower than average. Five-year old Jordan is seeing a speech therapist in his preschool once a week because he has difficulty saying the "r" sound in his own name. When you are solving problems for your math homework, you don't want to risk your grade on a guess. B. Arrows then branch off from each step to point to possible directions that you may take to solve the problem. A mechanical problem-solving technique is also referred to as: a. an algorithmic solution It is not there on your desktop (your short-term memory), but most of the time you can pull up this information when you want it. c. pragmatics. The higher one's degree of practical intelligence: _____ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. Because it is a schema, it is extremely challenging for us to stop reaching for the phone, even though we know that we endanger our own lives and the lives of others while we do it (Neyfakh, 2013) (Figure 7.5). If you repeat it enough, it may be moved into long-term memory. And although hyperthymesia normally appears in adolescence, two children in the United States appear to have memories from well before their tenth birthdays. a. attention and spatial memory. Whorf used the now-famous example of the Inuits' many words for snow to support the: c. Australian children. In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories, natural and artificial. The process of taking out unnecessary details from problems. Predict whether the dissociation of the dimer to the monomer is exothermic or endothermic, based on the fact that at higher temperatures the yellow color of the solution intensifies. C. Retroductive reasoning Knowing which approach to use is important because these two methods can vary in terms of speed and accuracy. The working memory files hold a limited amount of information. d. You must create an algorithmfor a problem before you can create a program to solve the problem. Find the percentage. c. grammar -the functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion -the functions of the reproductive system -sensory functions such as vision and hearing -excretory functions -the functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion When you remember something, you usually have several routes to get the information you are trying to access, and the more links you have to a concept, the better your chances of remembering. They are devised while developing problem-solving strategies. d. valid. Craik and Tulving concluded that we process verbal information best through semantic encoding, especially if we apply what is called the self-reference effect. b. divergent thinking. c. use sign language Can You Remember Everything You Ever Did or Said? A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem. You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday. b. heuristic devices. d. communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity, Communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity. Marilu Henners super autobiographical memory is known as hyperthymesia. C. Heuristics are shortcut strategies. refers to the retention of information or experience over time? D. deductive reasoning. Dec 19, 2022 OpenStax. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective styrofoam packing material. C. are ill defined or vague. OLE CA Computer Science & Applications 12965. Understanding the difference between explicit memory and implicit memory is important because aging, particular types of brain trauma, and certain disorders can impact explicit and implicit memory in different ways. : Which of the following is the correct definition of algorithms? D. 95, Which of the following would NOT be a case of mental retardation? Because texting and driving has become a dangerous epidemic in recent years, psychologists are looking at ways to help people interrupt the phone schema while driving. b. syntax Creative intelligence is related to: A child with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 12 has an IQ of b. like a photo negative of During proactive interference, previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information. An algorithm is a defined set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem. both convergent thinking and divergent thinking. Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees, Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work, Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design, Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present, Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case, The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization. d. the fact that none of the animals have achieved language development comparable to a 3-year-old human. For example, if you are studying for your chemistry exam, the material you are learning will be part of your explicit memory. Unlike heuristics, algorithms provide a definite solution to problem. c. various cultures. Which of the following describes how algorithms are useful? B. algorithm then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, ________ form as the result of people's experiences with concepts in the real world. Mental sets Algorithms break complex tasks into steps that can be followed. A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). In the United States, children often learn the alphabet through song, and they learn the number of days in each month through rhyme: Thirty days hath September, / April, June, and November; / All the rest have thirty-one, / Save February, with twenty-eight days clear, / And twenty-nine each leap year. These lessons are easy to remember because of acoustic encoding. a. a mental set. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo B. functional fixedness. d. the better that person is at breaking a problem down into component parts for problem solving. In psychology, for example, Piagets stages of development are abstract concepts. A. confirmation bias. When thoughts are formed, the mind synthesizes information from emotions and memories (Figure 7.2). semantic. Should you go to the bank, the cleaners, or the grocery store first? Practical intelligence Now, try writing them again, using the following prompts: bagpipe, ship christening, and parachutist. answer choices The process of assigning value to a variable. Which of the three types of encoding do you think would give you the best memory of verbal information? As long as the professor was dressed appropriately, it does not really matter what she was wearing. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed a working memory model in which short-term memory has different forms. D. drop out of college. c. a picture-like image. If you did, you probably have associated peanut butter and jelly in your mind. d. language; concepts, The rhythm and emphasis of communicating is part of which language structure? Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. D. are beyond the average person's ability to solve, The last step in the problem-solving process is ________. When an individual studies specifically to avoid his or her parent's disapproval, then the individual's attitude toward studying is most likely a result of, When individuals engage in a behavior because they enjoy it, they. You were probably not that good at riding a bicycle or driving a car the first time you tried, but you were much better after doing those things for a year. d. trial and error. The notes were sour because the seams split. A. a. ADHD CONCEPT Definition of an Algorithm 6 Which of the following statements about APIs is true? The haystack was important because the cloth ripped. D. hindsight bias. They are also known as "rules of thumb." C. finding and framing the problem What good is economic theory if it cant Note the longest string at which you got the series correct. c. reliable. This implies that There are two types of long-term memory: explicit and implicit (Figure 8.6). B. Concepts prevent us from generalizing. (credit: Mark Richardson), video that explains short-term and long-term memory, video about superior autobiographical memory, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-1-how-memory-functions, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Discuss the three basic functions of memory, Describe the three stages of memory storage, Describe and distinguish between procedural and declarative memory and semantic and episodic memory. A. intrapersonal moment. A more creative method of problem-solving is the use of: Claudia is trying to cook her mother's famous lasagna. Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of _____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. _____ is the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members. Similarly, most people have a song that causes a specific emotional response. d. mental sets. b.(12,562).b.(2,438). B. culturally biased. At first thought, nothing comes to mind. d. semantics. In this case, Dan's experience demonstrates OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. d. trial and error. Which of the following is TRUE of algorithms? Concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. Next count backwards from 40 by fours, then check yourself to see how well you recalled the sentences this time. We are constantly bombarded with sensory information. We organize the information with other similar information and connect new concepts to existing concepts. By following an algorithm, you can ensure that you will arrive at the correct answer to each problem. Which of the following essential body functions are monitored by the autonomic nervous system? In the process, your brain gathers details that inform and refine your understanding of related concepts like democracy, power, and freedom. Cooper's life. In this case, Claudia is using a(n) When you first learned to do these tasks, someone may have told you how to do them, but everything you learned since those instructions that you cannot readily explain to someone else as the way to do it is implicit memory. But if time is of the essence, then an algorithm is likely not the best choice. Lets quickly test your autobiographical memory. Do you recall the earlier discussion of semantic networks? This powerful event schema is informed by your pattern of behavior and the pleasurable stimulation that a phone call or text message gives your brain. Heuristics and algorithms differ in terms of their As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory storage capacity is believed to be unlimited. d. pragmatic, In the brain, creating a mental image is _______ seeing an actual image. D. Children understand metaphor and satire usually between ages 11 and 14. b. test anxiety. What word did you come up with?
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