Philosophy , Volume 56 , Issue 218 , October 1981 , pp. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. such as consequentialism, virtue ethics . Robert M. Taylor, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013 Deontology. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Equality is certainly one of the key principles behind Utilitarian philosophy. 01 December 2016. With a little help from Batman, Hank explains the principle of utility, and the d For more information on consequentialism and utilitarianism follow the links below: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill-moral-political/, https://ethics.org.au/ethics-explainer-consequentialism/, All Content is the property of Keerut Oberai unless stated otherwise or an external link.Made with Squarespace. Deontology: sticking to your obligations and duties, so focusing on intentions rather than the outcomes of actions. It is one of the main causes of preventable blindness in young children from developing countries. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. You can update your choices at any time in your settings. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. This is because all things being equal they will live longer and may contribute more to society over a longer period of time. Christianity is one form of deontology and the Ten Commandments represent one set of rules. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In: Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law. Julian Savulescu and Dominic Wilkinson 2019. Subsequent actions are mediated though ethical decision-making frames of reference including deontology, consequentialism, the ethics of care and virtue ethics. For example, if I have the choice between saving one of my two cats, Benjy and Oliver, from a house fire, I should save the cat that would produce the most utility over the other one. National Library of Medicine According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. Accessed January 13, 2018. and hey presto! Deontology: Deontology : Advantages: This moral theory is very useful in making impartial decisions. Basel-Vanagaite L, Wolf L, Orin M, et al. He said, she said: Investigating the Christian Porter Case. All Rights Reserved. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. Particularly in Italy, where the death toll and strain on hospitals has reached a critical point, there is a policy now to prioritise treating younger patients and healthcare workers. Discussion: Examining hospital staff members' preferences for allocating a ventilator to a COVID-19 patient with and without Alzheimer's disease. Deontology is a system of ethical analysis, most closely associated with Immanuel Kant, that bases the correctness of one's actions on fulfilling the duties of the actor (Alexander and Moore, 2008).Thus individuals have moral obligations to others and, if they fulfill those obligations, they are acting ethically; if they . Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. In practice this a very difficult thing to do to step outside of the values we have been brought up with and the state of being alienated itself often causes unhappiness within the individual. Accessed July 25, 2018. Accessed May 24, 2018. 2007;2(1):26. Something is then considered "wrong" if it creates the opposite reaction. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! An official website of the United States government. 101-336, 104 Stat 327. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in mHealthIntelligence. The nature and extent of these effects, and whether they will be harmful or beneficial, will vary regionally and over time. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 8600 Rockville Pike FOIA Epub 2021 May 4. J Adv Nurs. The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. Join us! Consequentialism focuses on promoting the best consequences, but what kind of consequences are the best? Ethical theories (1) The correct moral decision or response is made by: Consequentialism: considering the outcomes, or consequences, of the act, NOT its intentions or motives. Haahr A, Norlyk A, Martinsen B, Dreyer P. Nurs Ethics. Principlism is a commonly used ethical approach in healthcare and biomedical sciences. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Ethical principles and concepts in medicine. It means any ethical theory which judges the rightness or wrongness of an action on whether or not the outcome is good or bad. What matters is not so much the horrific act in itself but the outcome of that act. The final result was amazing, and I highly recommend www.HelpWriting.net to anyone in the same mindset as me. Automatic face classification of Cushings syndrome in womena novel screening approach. 2013;118:1-9. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00001-9. Healthcare workers often face a problem of decision - making. Blease had argued that patients' attention should be . Accessed October 26, 2018. Abortion can be categorized as both a legal, and ethical issue. In one moment Jim goes from being a tourist in a foreign country to becoming a murderer for the sake of morality. This chapter outlines core characteristics of Utilitarianism and explores them with regard to their significance in healthcare settings. MobiHealthNews. consequentialism can give us an account of responsibility. Sooner or later, after all diplomatic and political channels are exhausted to reach a solution, they begin to take up arms against the oppressor. Daniel Schiff, MS and Jason Borenstein, PhD, Confidentiality/Duty to protect confidential information, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/, http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html, https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/, https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app, https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning, https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/, https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/, http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx, https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. Development of a computer-aided tool for the pattern recognition of facial features in diagnosing Turner syndrome: comparison of diagnostic accuracy with clinical workers. consequentialism, In ethics, the doctrine that actions should be judged right or wrong on the basis of their consequences. Human behavior prediction using facial expression analysis. As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. Hughes N. Google takes aim at controversial, stringent Illinois biometric privacy law. Managing ongoing swallow safety through information-sharing: An ethnography of speech and language therapists and nurses at work on stroke units. In effect we become moral martyrs, surrendering our integrity (leading to alienation) in order to achieve what they believe is morally right. I intend to show that expecting individuals to take an impersonal standpoint in a decision that so greatly affects them is unrealistic and leads to alienation. Accessed March 28, 2017. Undark. One famous way of putting this is 'the greatest good for the greatest number of people'.. If consequentialism is to take a hedonistic approach that we should act so as to maximise overall happiness then it results in a contradiction. Disclaimer. A heavy man in a sweat-stained khaki shirt turns out to be the captain in charge and, after a good deal of questioning of Jim which establishes that he got there by accident while on a botanical expedition, explains that the Indians are a random group of the inhabitants who, after recent acts of protest against the government, are just about to be killed to remind other possible protestors of the advantages of not protesting. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the local National Research Ethics Committee. As Peter Railton says: The alienation of some individuals or groups from their milieu may at times be necessary for fundamental social criticism or cultural innovation (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs 1984). The ethics of clinical innovation in psychopharmacology: challenging traditional bioethics. What Are Important Ethical Implications of Using Facial Recognition Technology in Health Care? Whilst the drowning child example seems to support the existence of negative responsibility, it differs in that there are no commitments or beliefs preventing us from saving the child. Applications of facial recognition technology (FRT) in health care settings have been developed to identify and monitor patients as well as to diagnose genetic, medical, and behavioral conditions. If all we are concerned with is getting good outcomes, this can seem to justify harming some people in order to benefit others. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA); April 29-30, 2016; Noida, India:399-404. Non-consequentialism, the person as an end-in-itself, and the significance of status. Even if nobody would be hurt, our speeding laws mean less people are harmed overall. The question that concerns me, is, to what extent is a normative theory, consequentialism in particular, constrained by requirements that stem from Rule-consequentialism avoids a number of problems which have caused trouble to act-consequentialists. Many utilitarians take a hedonistic approach, saying that utility equates to happiness, so we should act to produce the greatest happiness, and to minimize pain and unhappiness. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Some of the moral philosophers associated with this theory include Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, Henry Sidgwick and many others. Knight W. Theres a big problem with AI: even its creators cant explain how it works. He even developed a calculator to work out which actions were better or worse the felicific calculus. There are rewards if you do something good, and there are repercussions if you do something wrong. [4] Consequentialism Medical law exists at the intersection between consequentialism and deontology. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2011. While FRT systems in health care can de-identify data, some experts are skeptical that such data can be truly anonymized21; from clinical and ethical perspectives, informing patients about this kind of risk is critical. Accessed August 1, 2018. The meaning of CONSEQUENTIALISM is the theory that the value and especially the moral value of an act should be judged by the value of its consequences. According to consequentialism, you should always strive to bring about good consequences, rather than simply obeying an arbitrary set of ethical rules. More specifically, it protects the privacy of biometric data, including full-face photographs and any comparable images, which are directly related to an individual.37 Thus, facial images used for FRT health applications would be protected by HIPAA.38 Entities covered by HIPAA, including health care organizations, clinicians, and third-party business associates, would need to comply with HIPAA regulations regarding the use and disclosure of protected health information.38 However, clinicians should advise patients that there may be limited protections for storing and sharing data when using a consumer FRT tool. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. The theory is also impartial. But in Jims case his pain at killing one person is a relatively minor consideration when the very lives of nineteen others (and the happiness of their families and friends) is at stake. Roughly speaking, the consequentialist believes that outcomes are all that matter, and that people should therefore endeavor to act so as to produce the best consequences, based on an impartial perspective as to what is best. Because it counted every persons pleasure or pain as the same, regardless of age, wealth, race, etc. If the outcome is good, how one achieved the outcome is not that important. Consequentialism And Abortion. The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA. There is important reason for the root word. Hossain MS, Muhammad G. Cloud-assisted framework for health monitoring. Background: Washington Post. Youve read one of your four complimentary articles for this month. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. Finally, Mill also claims that happiness is the only thing that is desirable in itself as an end. Facial shape analysis identifies valid cues to aspects of physiological health in Caucasian, Asian, and African populations. When a service user is speaking to a health care professional it is important for them to listen properly, for example not looking around and yawning, instead make eye contact and ensuring body language looks engaging. Consequentialism. This structure means that the ends often justify the means when seeking to create a specific result. 2012 Jul;68(7):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05897.x. Biom Technol Today. See Page 1. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Loos HS, Wieczorek D, Wrtz, RP, von der Malsburg C, Horsthemke B. Schneider HJ, Kosilek RP, Gnther M, et al. The simplest form of consequentialism is classical (or hedonistic) utilitarianism, which asserts that an action is right or wrong according to whether it maximizes the net balance of pleasure over pain in the universe. A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. Copyright 2023 American Medical Association. As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub L No. Consequentialism entails that we can be held morally responsible for a lack of action, and whilst the case of the drowning child shows that it is possible to be indirectly responsible by not acting, in cases like Jims it involves going further than can be reasonably expected. For consequentialism, life is a numbers game; an action should aim to make the majority happy, regardless of who they are, and should aim to go for actions that produce minimal pain. Now, if the foreign power does intervene on the basis of humanitarian concerns to liberate the minority from the reign of terror that subjects to such misery and death, war becomes a necessary and moral objective on part of the foreign power to liberate the minority people. Accessed July 24, 2018. However, since Jim is an honoured visitor from another land, the captain is happy to offer him a guests privilege of killing one of the Indians himself. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The site is secure. We've encountered a problem, please try again. So what exactly is wrong with it? The peace that seems within reach, the reduction of gun related crimes and homicides, the dream of borderless territories and the future of a society that bears the fertile ground of excellence and achievement, can now be balanced on the spectrum of consequentialism. Handb Clin Neurol. First, as it is the general performance of all people that is collectively coordinated to promote the overall good, rule-consequentialism may distribute a fair share of the burden to all participants in society (Mulgan 2001, p. 54). Changes in the Earth's climate can affect public health, agriculture, water supplies, energy production and use, land use and development, and recreation. As FRT becomes capable of detecting a wider range of health conditions, such as behavioral24 or developmental disorders,25 health care organizations and software developers will need to decide which types of analyses should be included in a FRT system and the conditions under which patients might need to be informed of incidental findings. Is it better to give my money to charity or spend it studying medicine so I can save lives? Understanding different ethical theories can have a number of significant benefits, which have the potential to shape and inform the care of patients, challenge bad practice and lead staff to. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or . Answer (1 of 4): The term 'consequentialism' was coined by the philosopher G E M Anscombe in her 1958 paper, 'Modern Moral Philosophy' (Philosophy 33, No. Like above, what sorts of consequences are morally good and what sorts are morally bad need to be . The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty ( deon) and science (or study) of ( logos ). This is not the greatest amount of happiness for the moral agent but the greatest amount of happiness overall - this is known as the greatest happiness principle. Use and Significance of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital Emergencies: A Phenomenological Approach. One does not have to be a specialist in ethics to do so. 2022 Jul;57(4):852-864. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12725. Nurses' tension-based ethical decision making in rural acute care settings. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. According to non-consequentialism, the rightness of an action is not solely determined by its consequences. A novel approach to the detection of acromegaly: accuracy of diagnosis by automatic face classification. Although there are references to this idea in the works of ancient philosopherEpicurus, its closely associated with English philosopherJeremy Bentham. We've updated our privacy policy. Some consequentialists even argue that alienation is necessary for social progress. Events and interactive experiences exploring ethics of being human. Epub 2021 Sep 1. P2. 8600 Rockville Pike To identify the contribution made by nurses in achieving the resolution of ethical dilemmas in practice. But if telling a lie would help save a person's life, consequentialism says it's the right thing to do. Utilitarianism in this instance appears to give the morally incorrect answer. Chan School of Public Health. March 2018. https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b. consequentialism in what makes the patient and everyone else happy with the outcome, and societal impacts with regards to the distribution of resources and the overall positive outcome to society. Should Electronic Health Record-Derived Social and Behavioral Data Be Used in Precision Medicine Research? Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. Epub 2019 Apr 11. Consequentialism claims that whether an action is right or wrong depends on the consequences that it brings about. It is therefore important to weigh the relative benefits and burdens of specific FRT uses in health care and to conduct research into how patients perceive its use. But Jim has to actively kill someone unlike the duck feeder for whom the only bad consequences are that he will get wet and muddy. Utilitarianism judges consequences by a greatest good for the greatest number standard. These include efforts to create AI systems that explain the rationale behind the results generated.31 Clinicians can also be trained to consider and respond to limitations and biases of FRT systems.32 In addition, organizations such as the National Human Genome Research Institute have sought to diversify the range of people whose images are included in their image databases.33. Furthermore, consumer-centred healthcare is becoming heavily reliant on digital technology. In other words, the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness or welfare. Get the latest inspiration, intelligence, events & more. Stud Health Technol Inform. This helps prevent a surge of infected patients in the existing healthcare facilities. Consequentialism is a type of normative ethical theory which states that the moral quality of an action is completely determined by its consequences, and nothing else. FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging. Ethical decision making in nurses. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. You can read the details below. For example, if FRT diagnostic software develops to the point that it is used not just to augment but to replace a physicians judgment, ethical and legal questions may arise regarding which entity appropriately has liability.41 Or if FRT is used to monitor compliance, track patients whereabouts, or assist in other kinds of surveillance, patients trust in physicians could be eroded, undermining the therapeutic alliance. _____ ethics looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions. In this case, they would argue that welfare would be maximised by giving the last ventilator to the 20 year old. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). January 11, 2018. https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477. Indeed, many Relationships among moral reasoning, coping style, and ethics stress. P2. Brittany Hollister, PhD and Vence L. Bonham, JD, Ethical Dimensions of Using Artificial Intelligence in Health Care. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. 2017;8:1883. Consequentialism is an attractive ethical approach because it provides clear and practical guidance at least in situations where outcomes are easy to predict. Virtue ethics: focusing on the moral character, or . The Ethical Theory. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Cohen IG, Amarasingham R, Shah A, Xie B, Lo B. Mazura JC, Juluru K, Chen JJ, Morgan TA, John M, Siegel EL. Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. Even if the damage to Jims integrity is taken into account, there is another problem: the consequentialist would regard Jims killing another person not merely as preferable, but as morally required. Information. Their justification is that this action would produce the most overall welfare.. The pros and cons of utilitarianism show us that there is a time and place where these principles offer a potential benefit to society. Nurs Ethics. The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. In this particular case, a foreign power decides to hear the cries of the oppressed and begins to lend its diplomatic and political support to make a moral claim for whatever sort of intervention to resolve the conflict. 1828 Words8 Pages. For example, restricting the movement of unvaccinated individuals into the country reduces the spread of COVID-19. Int J Lang Commun Disord. For the consequentialist it is obvious that the right choice for Jim would be to kill one Indian in order to save the lives of the other nineteen. This is a worldview without tragedy or realism. As with any new health technology, careful attention should be paid to the accuracy and validity of FRT used in health care applications as well as to informed consent and reporting incidental findings to patients. Privacy and data protection are thought to present challenges for the use of FRT for health applications. Consequentialism plays a huge role in this scenario as in both cases results of the decision made can be either positive or negative. MIT Technology Review. On the next ward is Patient A who has a curable disease and also is a suitable donor for the other patients. Four major themes emerged: 'best for the patient', 'accountability', 'collaboration and conflict' and 'concern for others'. Cloud-assisted speech and face recognition framework for health monitoring. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. FRT systems can store data as a complete facial image or as a facial template.34 Facial templates are considered biometric data and thus personally identifiable information.35 The idea that a photo can reveal private health information is relatively new, and privacy regulations and practices are still catching up. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2019. 2014 Nov;40(11):1529-42. doi: 10.1177/0146167214551154. We should note that Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. Implementing machine learning in health careaddressing ethical challenges. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Moral distress was also evident in the literature and findings, with moral dissonance recognised and articulated by more experienced nurses. Killing the one Indian is going to have a profound effect on Jims life but for the consequentialist, Jims values are irrelevant.
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