To the east are older and finer sediments of alternating clay and marl beds, some of which are impermeable. In vulputate pharetra nisi nec convallis. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order EUROTAS THE ANCIENT RIVER. Meanwhile, the Spartan fleet sailed around the Aegean to liberate cities from Athenian control, but they were beaten by the Athenians at the Battle of Cynossema in 411 BCE. However, to the east of Greece, in modern-day Iran, a new world power was flexing its muscles. Some of these kings include, from the Agiad dynasty: From the Eurypontid dynasty, the most important kings were: While many parts of Spartan society were considerably unequal, and freedoms were limited for all but the most elite, Spartan women were granted a much more significant role in Spartan life than they were in other Greek cultures at the time. Over a period of time, rivers tend to change their course due to the rocks present at the shores. He was an early king of the region and possessed a mortal, rather than typical river-god, genealogy. It had stood on the shore of the Eurotas River for over two thousand years, virtually unchanged in all that time, a centerpiece of Armali's cultural and social life. iv. It is believed civilization came to the Peloponnese with the Mycenaean, a Greek culture that rose to dominance alongside the Egyptians and the Hittites during the 2nd millennium BCE. Bradford, Alfred S. Leonidas and the Kings of Sparta: Mightiest Warriors, Fairest Kingdom. There are several factors that contribute to the change in courses of the Mississippi River. Here, Sparta lost the Battle of Tangara, which meant Athens was able to take control over much of Boeotia. Her current research is engaged with Mediterranean island identities, globalization, decolonization, interconnections, and entanglements. Fearing they could not stop the Spartans, the Persian governor in the region, Tissaphernes, first tried, and failed, to bribe Agesilaus II and then proceeded to broker a deal that forced Agesilaus II to stop his advance in exchange for the freedom of some Ionian Greeks. von | Jul 2, 2022 | operational definition of walking | quail hollow country club sold | Jul 2, 2022 | operational definition of walking | quail hollow country club sold Please check your email address / username and password and try again. After several days of skirmishing and attempting to cut the other off, the Battle of Platea began, and once again the Greeks stood strong, but this time they were able to drive back the Persians, routing them in the process. Eurotas, however, is not the most ancient known name of the river. The toughness of its warrior class, by any measure, was unmatched in history. The highest hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity are near the junction of the Xerias and the Eurotas south of Sparti. For example, the Odyssey and the Iliad, which were written in the 8th century BCE, were based on wars and conflicts fought during Mycenaean times, specifically the Trojan War, and they played an important role in creating a common culture amongst the divided Greeks, even though their historical accuracy has been called into question and they have been deemed pieces of literature, not historical accounts. The spring is also called Logaras Spring. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Greece, PELLANA LACONIA EUROTAS River Scene ~ 1826 Landscape Art Print Engraving at the best online prices at eBay! Around the same time, another Spartan commander, Sphodrias, decided to launch an attack on the Athenian port, Piraeus, but he retreated before reaching it and burned the land as he returned towards the Peloponnese. To be a member of these already exclusive leading parties, one had to be a Spartan citizen, and only Spartan citizens could vote for the gerousia. 600 BCE the Spartans lend support to the city state of Corinth, forming an alliance with their powerful neighbor that would eventually morph into the Peloponnesian League, a major source of power for Sparta. how has the eurotas river changed over timebitmoji dancing with headphones meaning Four years later, in 427 BCE, they finally broke through, but the war had changed considerably by then. Over time, particularly after the Peloponnesian War during the period of the Spartan Empire, these put considerable strain on the Spartan army. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : Strabo, Geography 8. In the winter months, the Eurotas is prone to flooding. Athenian leadership had been following a policy for many years that it was better to be the ruler than the ruled, which provided justification for sustained imperial expansion. Sparta, the most dominant polis of Greece proves to be culturally deprived, in which the status-quo revolved around military affairs and state affairs. Dent, 1903. Training in this school was grueling and intense. The Spartans were defeated once again at Oeneophyta, which placed nearly all of Boeotia under Athenian control. They would impose taxes, deal with subordinate helot populations, and accompany kings on military campaigns to ensure the wishes of the gerousia were met. Modern Laconia is a political subdivision of Greece covering the Eurotas Valley, the massifs on either side, the two headlands, and the enclosed Laconian Gulf with its coastal islands. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Afriyyeh: A History of Madness, Modernity, and War in the Middle East, Networking Peripheries: Technological Futures and the Myth of Digital Universalism, Rebuilding Central Park: A Management and Restoration Plan, Displacement of Death from Home to Hospital in Historical The River Eurotas had its headwaters in the Taygetus Mountains and flowed south through the heart of Laconia, past the city of Sparta, to reach the Mediterranean Sea near Helos on the Laconian Gulf. Sparta took control over the rest of Messenia following the defeat of Aristomenes at Mt. ", Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. There is a tradition among the peasants that the course of the river was changed by a . Mycenaean, or late Bronze Age Greece is generally conceded to be Achaean Greek on the evidence of the Linear B and Hittite documents. In the period between the Second Messenian War and the Greco-Persian Wars, Sparta was able to consolidate its power in Laconia and Messenia, as well as on the Peloponnese. By Theo . However, seeing the fighting was likely going nowhere, both sides agreed to a peace treaty, known as The Thirty Years Peace, in c. 446 BCE. A river may not change course more than once over many decades, or even centuries. His line, the Agiads, is named after him. So, in 490 BCE, he invaded Greece. Central Greece has more mountains than northern Greece. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Gods of Death ", Aelian, Historical Miscellany 2. Scientists understanding of where these events occur is poor, and rests largely on a handful of detailed observations on large deltas, plus laboratory and computer models. These names suggest that military strength and success was an important part of becoming a Spartan leader, a tradition that would continue on throughout Spartan history. On a warm summer day in the year 378 BC, a large Spartan army stood baffled on the plain of Boeotia in central Greece. Laggard Lakonia: Social and political change in Lakonia during the Mycenaean period. Narrated by: Daniel Houle. Lelex appears to have been conceived by ancient mythographers as the eponymous founder of the Leleges, a semi-mythical people that lived on both sides of the Aegean Sea. There will be times when the Managers of today and tomorrow must throw caution to the wind and challenge the status quo. Sparta was located on some low hills on the west bank of the Eurotas River. A complete bibliography of the translations quoted on this page. The few left-bank tributaries, receiving waters from the deep aquifer, are more substantial, but still intermittent. A massive earthquake struck the city state in c. 464 BCE, devastating the population. The Eurotas River occupies the floor of a rift valley, or graben, created by extensional forces acting over the Hellenic Plate in a northeast-southwest direction. Omissions? However, the Greco-Persian Wars were just getting started, and soon the city state of Sparta would be thrown into the mix. Eurotas, a sacred river from ancient times to today, one of the most famous rivers of Greece. The principal stream of Laconia (Lakona), it flows south-southeast through the agricultural Laconian plain between the Tayetos and Prnon ranges and empties at the head of the Gulf of Laconia northeast . Spartas two kings ruled by divine right. The Association has joined EUROTAS and has been welcomed as Ingo has mentioned above. [2.2] SPARTE, TIASA (Pausanias 3.18.6 & 8.25.2) However, Lysander managed to take control of the Athenian government n exchange for not getting his way. Those Messenians who had not been executed as a result of their insurrection were once again forced to become helots, ending the Second Messenian War and giving Sparta near total control over the southern half of the Peloponnese. 46, ad Lycoph. [citation needed]. After sixty the men would not have to perform any military duties, this included all war-time activities. It does not appear in the works of Homer, which purport to recount the stories and geography of Mycenaean Greece. The corresponding fault-block mountains are the Taygetus Massif on the west and the Parnon Massif on the east both limestone ridges derived from a former sea bed. Outside the Peloponnese and central Greece, geographical divisions and identities did change over time suggesting a closer connection with tribal identity. Society and Politics of the Spartans - The 'Militaristic' Origins of Sparta . It was largely re-established from scratch in the 19th century a few hundred meters south of the ancient city. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) Laggard Lakonia: Social and political change in Lakonia during the Mycenaean period. However, after the Battle of Leuctra, it was a shell of its formerly all-powerful self. Plague had broken out in Athens due in part to the Athenian decision to abandon the land in Attica and open the citys doors to any and all citizens loyal to Athens, causing overpopulation and propagating disease. In classical times, according to the ancient authors, it was swampy, but the cultivatable land exposed was very fertile. 15, Ol. Instead, Spartan society was based around the military. Spartan leadership made changes to the policy that helots had to return to harvest each year, and they also established a base at Decelea, in Attica. For example, the Catatumbo River in South America changed course in 1982 about 6.5 miles (10.5 kilometers) inland from the point where it flows into Venezuelas Lake Maracaibo close to its backwater length, which is 8.5 miles (13.7 kilometers). He has authored or co-authored more than 25 scientific papers on his research. [4] The adjective, eureis, "moldy," is genuinely ancient, used as an epithet of Hades in Homer. Some artisanry did exist, but we see nothing in terms of philosophic or scientific advancements like those that came out of Athens in the final century B.C. It has a gorgeous position, like an amphitheater of houses built on the slopes of Taygetus, its grand architecture reminiscent of a time when villages, not cities, were the centers of life in the . Society and Politics of the Spartans - The 'Militaristic' Origins of Sparta . Thucydides Peloponnesian War. Could not validate captcha. This act was condemned by Spartan leadership, but it made little difference to the Athenians, who were now motivated to resume fighting with Sparta more than ever before. He was the father of Sparte, the wife of Lacedaemon, and is said to have carried the waters, stagnating in the plain of Lacedaemon, into the sea by means of a canal, and to have called the river which arose therefrom after his own name, Eurotas. : Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. It does not appear in the works of Homer, which purport to recount the stories and geography of Mycenaean Greece. Home; About Us; Outdoor. Revolts broke out frequently, and this is what eventually led to the next round of conflict between Sparta and Messenia. Avulsions on Chinas Yellow River killed over 6 million people in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nearly all Greek armies fought using this formation, but the Spartans were the best, mainly because of the training a Spartan soldier had to go through before joining the military. During the Pleistocene the sea level dropped 500m (1,600ft) exposing a flat floor. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 19502019, The Best Country in the World: The Surprising Social Vamsi Ganti receives funding from the National Science Foundation, and the donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund. Their only major defeat, the Battle of Thermopylae, occurred not because they were an inferior fighting force but rather because they were hopelessly outnumbered and betrayed by a fellow Greek who told Xerxes of the way around the pass. Cithaeron. Should an attack from the east break the first line, the second line would make its stand behind the Eurotas River, another strong defensive point. Yet when he did, he set out to punish the Greek city states who had helped the rebels. First, it directly translates to captive, and second, its believed to be closely linked to the city of Helos, the citizens of which were made into the first helots in Spartan society. The Teles Pires River basin in Brazil's center-west has recently expanded agricultural economic development at the expense of both the Amazon rainforest and Cerrado savannah. Spartan boys were often sent out into the wild on their own to survive, and they were taught how to fight. Two of the gods, Poseidon and Hephaestus, are described as having black hair. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: Matthew Jones, "Ancient Sparta: The History of the Spartans", History Cooperative, May 18, 2019, https://historycooperative.org/ancient-sparta-the-history-of-the-spartans/. The Eurotas (Ancient Greek: ) or Evrotas (modern Greek: ) is the main river of Laconia and one of the major rivers of the Peloponnese, in Greece. By the time of the rise of the Kingdom of Istannah, the Nakkrik tongue was a peasant dialect on the way out. [7] In the most exaggerated form of the myth, the Alpheios continues under the Mediterranean to Sicily or elsewhere. He informed Xerxes of a backdoor route through the mountains that would allow his army to outflank the Greek force defending the pass. Between 1687 and 1702, the Euphrates River changed course and jeopardized the stability of the eastern Ottoman Empire when a large segment of it changed course. Aeniania (Greek: ) was a small district to the south of Thessaly (which it was sometimes considered part of).The regions of Aeniania and Oetaea were closely linked, both occupying the valley of the Spercheios river, with Aeniania occupying the lower ground to the north, and Oetaea the higher ground south of the river. The Menelaion was constructed during the eighth and early seventh centuries. In Sparta, which had always been proud of its own autonomy and isolationism, this growth in Athenian influence represented a threat, and their actions to fight against Athenian imperialism helped escalate tensions between the two sides and bring about the Peloponnesian War. From the catchment at an altitude of 430m (1,410ft) part of the water flows into the Alpheios stream, which enters the upper Eurotas.[6]. Agis II (c. 427-401 BCE) oversaw the Spartan victory over Athens in the Peloponnesian War and ruled over the early years of Spartan hegemony. The terms they offered were the same all Greek city states would remain free and independent but they also suggested that refusing these terms would bring out the wrath of the Persian empire. The polis of Sparta was one of the most unique polis in Greece. The classical-era city of Sparta was built on the west bank of the Eurotas about halfway down the valley. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Fearing the Athenians would advance on their territory, the Spartans sailed back to Boeotia and encouraged the people to revolt, which they did. Climate change is already increasing flooding in many parts of the world and washing more sediments into rivers. "[There is in Lakedaimonia a] river called Tiasa. This finally became apparent during the Battle of Leuctra, which we now see as the beginning of the end for Sparta. These land forms develop when rivers flow out of mountains or canyons onto an open plain or into the ocean and spread out, depositing dirt and gravel in a triangle-shaped area. Water always flows downhill, so as its current course becomes increasingly blocked, it eventually jumps to a new location. Summarizing today, as Tarnas points out (Tarnas, 2001, there are three different meanings The classical Eurotas was changed to Iri in the Middle Ages and only changed back to Eurotas in recent times. The Eurotas collects runoff and drains the deep aquifer on the east bank but loses water to the shallow aquifer on the west bank. The Spartans made little use of the left bank of the river: Only one permanent bridge has been found that crossed to it, at Therapne just south of the city. Realizing that their chances for survival were now slim if they continued to fight on their own, Athens pleaded with Sparta to take a more central role in the defense of Greece. Ancient Sparta is one of the most well-known cities in Classical Greece. With Messenia now fully under its control and an army that was quickly becoming the envy of the ancient world, Sparta, by the middle of the 7th century BCE, had become one of the most important population centers in ancient Greece and southern Europe. This change developed because . Heres a snapshot of some of the key features of life and culture in classical Sparta. English: View of modern Sparta (centre), Mount Taygetus (background) and the River Eurotas (right) from the Menelaion (Sanctuary of Menelaus and Helen). Answer (1 of 4): Mesolithic hunter-gatherers living along the banks of the Danube, Baltic Sea/lake and the coast of South America ate a diet so rich in fish that they often ended up with certain specific parasites due to under cooking. from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. The shrine and its dedications identify it as the site of Homeric Sparta, capital of a ruling couple believed by the population of the Archaic Period to have been Menelaos and Helen. In the period following Spartas exit from the pan-Hellenic alliance until the outbreak of war with Athens, several major events took place: The Athenians did not like the way they had been treated by the Spartans after offering their support in the helot rebellion. 10. Between 1687 and 1702, the Euphrates River changed course and jeopardized the stability of the eastern Ottoman Empire when a large segment of it changed course. Stress on the population resulting from strict citizenship requirements and an over-dependence on slave labor combined with pressure from other powers in the Greek world proved to be too much for the Spartans. She has done fieldwork in California, Cyprus, Crete, Greece, Egypt, and Syria. 1 rating. In antiquity the city-state was known as Lacedaemon ([, Lakedamn] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese . However, what set the Spartan soldier apart was his loyalty to his fellow soldier. But first let me clarify some important details. An aerial view of the Nile River delta at night from the International Space Station. It does not appear in the works of Homer, which purport to recount the stories and geography of Mycenaean Greece. 11. the Dioskouroi (Dioscuri)], I swear, by Eurotas third, by the gods in Argos and about Sparta.", Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. (Comp. Central Greece . Archaeology has provided a more complete story for the Mycenaean period. 395-387 BCE The Corinthian War threatened Spartan hegemony, but peace terms brokered by the Persians left Sparta as the leader of the Greek World, 379 BCE War breaks out between the city states of Sparta and Thebes, known as the Theban or Boeotian War, 371 BCE Sparta loses the Battle of Leuctra to Thebes, which ends the Spartan empire and marks the beginning of the end of classical Sparta, 260 BCE Sparta helps Rome in The Punic Wars, helping it maintain relevant despite a shift in power away from ancient Greece and toward Rome. Impact. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. Evrtas River, historically Eurotas, also called Iris, nonnavigable river rising in the Tayetos (Modern Greek: Tygetos) Mountains in the southern Peloponnese (Pelopnnisos), Greece. Questo sito utilizza cookie di profilazione propri o di terze parti. The pathway that is easier to erode and cut through will be the path for the river. The rich alluvial soil through which the final 10km of the Eurotas flows was not there in antiquity. 1). However, in 431 BCE, full-scale fighting would resume between Sparta and Athens, and it would last for nearly 30 years. This resulted in the First Battle of Hysiae, which started a conflict between Argos and Sparta that would result in Sparta finally bringing all of Messenia under its control. Those who resisted were dealt with by force, and most of the people who were not killed were made into slaves, known as helots in Sparta. But after descending all the way to Attica, burning Eritrea on his way, he was defeated by the Athenian-led fleet at the Battle of Marathon, ending the First Persian Invasion of ancient Greece. He led down to the sea by means of a trench the stagnant water on the plain, and when it had flowed away, as what was left formed a river-stream, he named it Eurotas (Fair-flowing). Occupation of the hill went on through the Greek Dark Age, reduced to the Menelaon shrine in the Archaic and Classical Periods. The plain of Elos near the river's mouth is particularly fertile farmland. The excavators concluded that in the "later 15thcentury" (BCE) the ridge was "the principal settlement site in Laconia." The armies of Sparta have gone down as some of the most impressive of all time. Eira, where he remained for eleven years despite Spartas near-constant siege. Greek text available from the same website, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurotas&oldid=1129781254, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 03:07. 6 : But it would not last long, and in the grand scheme of things, Sparta was about to enter a final period that can be defined as decline. This led to the first pan-Hellenic alliance in Greek history, but tensions within that alliance helped contribute to the growing conflict between Athens and Sparta, which ended in the Peloponnesian War, the largest civil war in Greek history. "[6] The "cutting through" is seen by Pausanias translator and commentator, Peter Levy, S.J., as an explanation of Eurotas (or Vrodamas) Canyon, a ravine north of Skala where the river has cut through the foothills of Taygetus after changing direction to the west of the valley. The perennial Eurotas River connected intervisible Bronze Age sites in the Spartan Plain with coastal port cities, thereby facilitating flows of ideas, people, and trade, particularly with Minoan Crete via the island of Kythera. This site uses cookies. Schol. It comes from the Arcadian village of Scortsinos (in the area of Logaras), south of Mantineia. To its east and west run long, large mountain ranges, making first line defenses very easy. [19], Analysis of bore holes in the valley indicate that in the Pliocene it was a lake. On the third night at the time set, Petros stood on the banks of the Eurotas. This is because the city was really governed by the ephors and gerousia. Ultimately, this interplay between sedimentation and erosion causes the river to choke up with sediment at a location that roughly coincides with the backwater length. II. Scientists can estimate the backwater length from the size and slope of the river. ad Pind. For example, as compared to Athens where women were restricted from going outside, had to live in their fathers house, and were required to wear dark, concealing clothing, Spartan women were not only allowed but encouraged to go outside, exercise, and wear clothing that allowed them more freedom. She works on the senior staff at the Gournia Excavation Project, where she is publishing the plasters, and as assistant director of the Vapheio-Palaiopyrgi Archaeological Survey. Rapid sea level rise can move avulsion sites inland on deltas, exposing new communities to catastrophic flood risks. The river is also fed by underwater springs at Pellana and by tributaries coursing down from Mt. "The nature of rivers, and their streams, are visible to us. The word 'Lacedaemon' also comes from Greek mythology, wherein Lacedaemon was said to have been a son of Zeus and nymph Taygete.Lacedaemon, in turn, married Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, and named the country after himself and the founded city after his wife. Please try again. Language: English. The History of Guns, Greek Mythology: Stories, Characters, Gods, and Culture, Aztec Mythology: Important Stories and Characters, Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts, Roman Gods and Goddesses: The Names and Stories of 29 Ancient Roman Gods, The Beginning of Spartan History: Conquering the Peloponnese, Sparta in the Greco-Persian Wars: Passive Members of an Alliance, The Formation of the Peloponnesian League, The Ionian Revolt and the First Persian Invasion, A New Era in Spartan History: The Spartan Empire, The Battle of Leuctra: The Fall of Sparta, Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World, Pandoras Box: The Myth Behind the Popular Idiom, Mnemosyne: Goddess of Memory, and Mother of The Muses, The History of Salt in Ancient Civilizations, iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order, US History Timeline: The Dates of Americas Journey, Why Are Hot Dogs Called Hot Dogs? Because of their history and significance to society, Spartas two kings still played an important role in helping Sparta rise to power and become the significant city state it was, despite their role being limited by the formation of the gerousia. You could not be signed in. He believed they had the same source but that the outflow stream disappeared into a chasm only to emerge at different locations as different streams. This made it difficult to replace fallen Spartan soldiers, and by the Battle of Leuctra, the Spartan force was smaller than it had ever been. Fighting took place between Argos and Sparta, and the Athenians were involved. 18. [citation needed] His son or grandson was Eurotas, the last of the line. The Spartan society was known for its highly-skilled warriors, elitist administrators, and its reverence for stoicism, people today still look to the Spartans as model citizens in an idealist ancient society. Evrtas River, historically Eurotas, also called Iris, nonnavigable river rising in the Tayetos (Modern Greek: Tygetos) Mountains in the southern Peloponnese (Pelopnnisos), Greece. In my view, it is imperative to understand how such changes can affect dynamic, volatile river systems and the people who live around them well into the future. Athens and Sparta are two prominent Greek rival city-states. Many within the Spartan leadership, including Lysander, argued for burning it to the ground to ensure there would be no more war. The River Eurotas had its headwaters in the Taygetos Mountains and flowed south through the heart of Lakonia, past the city of Sparta, to reach the Mediterranean Sea near Helos on the Lakonian Gulf. The leading theory about why this was the case deals with the founding of Sparta. Bringing waters from the high Arkadian mountains, the river Eurotas was swelled by melting snows and would have run heavily in spring/summer. Sparta sent troops to support the overthrow of the government since they were allies with the Thebans. [2], The classical Eurotas was changed to Iri in the Middle Ages and only changed back to Eurotas in recent times. This meant that the Persians were on the run, and the second Persian invasion of Greece was over. When the season permits it and the river is wide enough, a dock operates here, with small scale fishing . As a result, these rivers can change course well above the backwater zone where avulsions happen in large coastal rivers. However, by the 12th century BCE, civilization across all of Europe and Asia was descending into collapse. But the Greeks had managed to inflict heavy losses on the Persian army, (estimates indicate Persian casualties numbered around 50,000), but more importantly, they had learned their superior armor and weapons, combined with a geographical advantage, gave them a chance against the massive Persian army. In this theory, the Dorians rose to prominence taking advantage of turmoil amongst the Achaean-led Mycenaeans. The Athenians, led by Alcibiades, followed this victory up with another impressive defeat of the Spartan fleet at Cyzicus in 410 BCE. First, the Spartans began offering helots more freedoms, a move that prevented them from rebelling and joining the ranks of the Athenians. The perennial Eurotas River connected intervisible Bronze Age sites in the Spartan Plain with coastal port .
Nippon Express Phillipsburg, Nj Address,
Remote Digital Archivist Jobs,
Private Rent Houses Surrounding Newtown, Powys,
Afghanistan Culture Clothing,
Articles H
