Today giraffes are numerous in East African countries and also in certain reserves of Southern Africa, where they have enjoyed somewhat of a recovery. There have been instances of bulls being knocked off their feet or even rendered unconscious. What is are the functions of diverse organisms? The ossicones, which have lain flat in the womb, raise up in a few days. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The giraffe grasps leaves with its prehensile lips or tongue and pulls them into the mouth. [48]:76 Computer scientists have modeled the coat patterns of several subspecies using reactiondiffusion mechanisms. It is black, perhaps to protect against sunburn, and can grasp foliage and delicately pick off leaves. Dominant males gain mating access to females, which bear sole responsibility for raising the young. Its long neck gives it a large amount of dead space, in spite of its narrow windpipe. [1] In 1985, it was estimated there were 155,000 giraffes in the wild. [130], In 2016, giraffes were assessed as Vulnerable from a conservation perspective by the IUCN. This light-colored fur reflects sun rays away from the body and helps preserve water during a drought. [71] The hooves of large male giraffes reach 31cm 23cm (12.2in 9.1in) in diameter. [120][121][122], With its lanky build and spotted coat, the giraffe has been a source of fascination throughout human history, and its image is widespread in culture. Elephant hunting had brought him into todays Namibia. Camels live in hot and dry deserts of Asia, whereas llama lives in cool and dry mountains of South America. [44] While taxonomic opinion may be lacking on some names, the extinct species that have been published include:[45], Fully grown giraffes stand 4.35.7m (1419ft) tall, with males taller than females. [65] As a ruminant, the giraffe first chews its food, then swallows it for processing and then visibly passes the half-digested cud up the neck and back into the mouth to chew again. [82] Conversely, the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great pressure because of the weight of fluid pressing down on them. Between these hours, giraffes mostly stand and ruminate. The jaws and lower part of the head are those of a camel. The Lord used the voices of. Feeding is at its highest during the first and last hours of daytime. As such, the wall of the heart can be as thick as 7.5cm (3.0in). In low-intensity necking, the combatants rub and lean on each other. [18][61][37], The giraffe's neck vertebrae have ball and socket joints. Gestation is 15 months, and, though most calves are born in dry months in some areas, births can take place in any month of the year. [20] A 2011 study using detailed analyses of the morphology of giraffes, and application of the phylogenetic species concept, described eight species of living giraffes. [43] The coat pattern has been claimed to serve as camouflage in the light and shade patterns of savannah woodlands. Camels and giraffes are both mammals and members of the Artiodactyl order. Camels And Giraffes Are Both Warm-Blooded Mammals Camels and giraffes are both mammals and members of the Artiodactyl order. When courting, dominant males will keep subordinate ones at bay. they are all four legged, hoofed, mammals. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. 66 36 Each toe has a toenail at its top. Asian giraffes are hypothesised to have had more okapi-like colourations. Corrections? Camels Are Mostly Domesticated, Giraffes Live In The Wild, 5. First, you have to draw a line between numbers and their equivalent letters (1 to A, A to 2, 2 to B and so on). Accumulation of bone deposits continues through life, resulting in skulls weighing 30 kg. [34]:329 To lie down, the animal kneels on its front legs and then lowers the rest of its body. If food has over 60% of water, a 2,200 lbs heavy giraffe (1,000 kg) gets around 21 liters of water from food. The rumen was the largest compartment followed by the abomasum, then the reticulum, and the omasum. and a 2010 study found that adult giraffes with longer necks actually suffered higher mortality rates under drought conditions than their shorter-necked counterparts. Thus the tree's name: camel thorn, or kameeldoring boom in Afrikaans. [30] Estimates as of 2016 indicate there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild. [50]:67 If the giraffe wants to reach down to drink, it either spreads its front legs or bends its knees. Walking is done by moving the legs on one side of the body, then doing the same on the other side. Camelthorn trees , Both sexes have a pair of horns, though males possess other bony protuberances on the skull. Camels are mostly domesticated animals that live in deserts and steppes of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Australia. The main differences between camels and giraffes are the lack of hump in giraffes, the lack of horns in camels, and different fur colors. Lions, Hyenas, Meerkat, Warthogs, elephant, giraffe, birds, More than 1,600 were kept in zoos in 2010. their both black and white for sure but what else? [50]:94, The coat has dark blotches or patches, which can be orange, chestnut, brown, or nearly black, surrounded by light hair, usually white or cream coloured. Darwin believed that the little variations we see between one person and another, one fish and another, when chosen by natural selection, could build up in an unlimited way. Giraffes Have A Four-Chambered Stomach, Camels Three-Chambered One, 1. How to Make a Disposable Vape Last Longer? But for most mammals, it's 7. Such large surfaces cool a network of blood vessels that move blood throughout the body. The tongue and the inside of the mouth are lined with tough tissue that protects against the thorns. Mortality and health Lion predation horns. Most of the time, camels will not spit, they mostly do it when they feel threatened or agitated. What are the similarities between elk and deer? Feed conversion and rate of gain in a ruminant are strongly affected by the type and number of microorganisms in the rumen. Most recently, researchers proposed dividing them into up to eight extant species due to new research into their mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements. Coets shot two adult giraffe after chasing them on horseback. The divergence of giraffe and okapi lineages dates to around 11.5 mya. Zip. [52][53] Calves inherit some coat pattern traits from their mothers, and variation in some spot traits is correlated with calf survival. It is the national animal of Tanzania,[139] and is protected by law,[140] and unauthorised killing can result in imprisonment. The contestants will try to dodge each other's blows and then prepare to counter. Giraffes front legs are about 10% longer than their rear . Camels and giraffes are both large warm-blooded animals that walk the same way, by moving same-sided legs forward at the same time. [87] The animal's faeces come in the form of small pellets. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". "Correlates of home range sizes of giraffes, "How do giraffes locate one another? It has represented flexibility, far-sightedness, femininity, fragility, passivity, grace, beauty and the continent of Africa itself. The following Animal Diversity - Vertebrates Demo, Labs, and Science Stations give your students the opportunity to investigate . F-CT-scan slide of TMM M-16050. The flowers and leaves from the crown of these trees are the preferred food of the kameelperd. They are often hosts for ticks, especially in the area around the genitals, which have thinner skin than other areas. [51] Multiple sinuses lighten a giraffe's skull. . [37] The giraffe is a protected species in most of its range. [128] Zarafa, another famous giraffe, was brought from Egypt to Paris in the early 19th century as a gift for CharlesX of France. Younger males spend years in bachelor groups, where they engage in necking bouts. White-colored camels also exist but are very rare and hard to find. The giraffes hooves are extremely hard and flat to the ground, with the fetlock almost touching the ground. What is the similarities between camel and penguin? 2012 Table S3) It is the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant on Earth. It usually sleeps lying down; however, standing sleeps have been recorded, particularly in older individuals. [6][7], The giraffe is one of only two living genera of the family Giraffidae in the order Artiodactyla, the other being the okapi. what makes muscle tissue different from other tissues? Legacy system migration strategies. In captivity, adult giraffes will sleep as much as four and a half hours a day. [8], The changes from extensive forests to more open habitats, which began 8mya, are believed to be the main driver for the evolution of giraffes. It is also a tactic to surprise or distract the enemy. selective browsers and ruminants, animals which have a [135], The primary causes for giraffe population declines are habitat loss and direct killing for bushmeat markets. [18] Their meat was used for food. ANIMAL DIVERSITY - VERTEBRATES - Demos, Labs, and Science Stations. [8] Some biologists suggest the modern giraffes descended from G. jumae;[12] others find G. gracilis a more likely candidate. how many times greater is 0.0015 then 750.0? Camels And Giraffes Can Survive Without Water, 4. [9], One early giraffid ancestor was Canthumeryx which has been dated variously to have lived 2520 million years ago (mya), 1715mya or 1814.3mya and whose deposits have been found in Libya. Also, because of their size, it makes it hard for giraffes to get up or get down on the ground. As the tallest terrestrial animal, giraffes have a distinct stature and body shape, which likely are adaptions to their savanna habitat. Both the camel caravan routes across the deserts of . [42] The skin under the blotches may regulate the animal's body temperature, being sites for complex blood vessel systems and large sweat glands. I found a significant negative relationship (p<0.05) between camel abundance and native . Despite David Mitchell's funny rant about the origin of the word camelopard, an archaic English word for giraffe, camelopard is not a product of a 17 th century predecessor of whoever invented the word "phablet". Camels and llamas are famous for their spitting abilities. Camels are pseudo-ruminants; they have a stomach with three compartments to digest food. The molars and premolars are wide with low crowns on the surface. [8] Each giraffe has a unique coat pattern. One giraffe rubs its head or neck against another giraffe's body. [123]:11920 The Tswana people of Botswana traditionally see the constellation Crux as two giraffesAcrux and Mimosa forming a male, and Gacrux and Delta Crucis forming the female. [112] Giraffes are the most common food source for the big cats in Kruger National Park, comprising nearly a third of the meat consumed, although only a small portion of the giraffes were probably killed by predators, as a majority of the consumed giraffes appeared to be scavenged. [4] Mitchell, G., and J. D. Skinner. Vertebrate animals also carry out reproduction by way of sperm and egg. Compare that to a mouse which is barely 4 inches from the tip of its nose . [12] This behaviour occurs at low or high intensity. [13][14] Some researchers have hypothesised that this new habitat coupled with a different diet, including acacia species, may have exposed giraffe ancestors to toxins that caused higher mutation rates and a higher rate of evolution. In high-intensity necking, the combatants will spread their front legs and swing their necks at each other, attempting to land blows with their ossicones. Because of a very long and heavy head and neck, a set of strong muscles and ligaments is required to attach them to the body. The Incense Route originally commenced at Shabwah in Hadhramaut, the easternmost kingdom of South Arabia, and ended at Gaza, a port north of the Sinai Peninsula on the Mediterranean Sea. [43], Male giraffes use their necks as weapons in combat, a behaviour known as "necking". You could breed guppies, selecting for large tails. Each vertebrae can be up to 10 inches long. However, scorpions live on every continent except for Antarctica. Tip: See my list of the Most Common Mistakes in English.It will teach you how to avoid mistakes with commas, prepositions, irregular verbs, and much more. Back in the Cape he not only talked about this strange new camel but also about other interesting discoveries, among them this tree: () the core and the innermost wood are of an extremely beautiful red colour, and the branches bear large cloverleaves and yellow flowers as well as a pod-type fruit. The flowers and leaves from the crown of these trees are the preferred food of the kameelperd. Scientists have used the properties of giraffe skin as a model for astronaut and fighter pilot suits because the people in these professions are in danger of passing out if blood rushes to their legs. It's Humpy in the lead with Chewy a length behind. Namibia Story , They have excellent eyesight, and when one giraffe stares, for example, at a lion a kilometre away, the others look in that direction too. Distribution of the giraffe. Dromedary is the largest population of camels in the world. [18][34]:337 In Buganda, the smoke of burning giraffe skin was traditionally used to treat nose bleeds. The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus Giraffa. [34]:32729 The giraffe can reach a sprint speed of up to 60km/h (37mph),[72] and can sustain 50km/h (31mph) for several kilometres. [43][50]:9597 Being vascularised, the ossicones may have a role in thermoregulation,[54] and are used in combat between males. In addition to being a common question in trivia games and pub quizzes, the number of humps that a camel and a dromedary has is the main and most visible difference between these two camelids. [107] Males must wait until they are at least seven years old to gain the opportunity to mate. The advantage of a heavy, knobbed skull is soon apparent. 2 Teaching Thinking - Robert Fisher 2008-06-15 Ahighly successful guide to encourage classroomdiscussion fordeveloping children's thinking, learning and literacy skills containsmaterial on the [1], Carl Linnaeus originally classified living giraffes as one species in 1758. Seems to serve a social purpose rather than primarily for scratching itches. Similarities Between Camels And Giraffes 1. Bactrian camels are native to the Gobi Desert in China and the steppes of Mongolia. On the underside of the body is a small mouth. Giraffes can run as fast as 38 mph (60 km/h) over short distances, or around 10 mph over longer distances (16 km/h). Another famous fictional giraffe is the Toys "R" Us mascot Geoffrey the Giraffe. Photographer: Martina Nicolls Martina Nicolls: SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT IN There is a popular belief that . Violence sometimes occurs when two older bulls converge on an estrous cow. [18] A newborn giraffe is 1.72m (5.66.6ft) tall. Cows in particular select high-energy low-fibre items. [87] Mothers tend to feed in open areas, presumably to make it easier to detect predators, although this may reduce their feeding efficiency. [50]:7273 The long neck results from a disproportionate lengthening of the cervical vertebrae, not from the addition of more vertebrae. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the fetal membranes, and falls to the ground, severing the umbilical cord. [1] Bercovitch, Fred B., and Francois Deacon. Camels and giraffes are even-toed ungulates that bear their weight on 2 of their digits, third and fourth. The moss plant depends on rain or very wet conditions in order for the sperm to swim from the male parts of the plant to the egg in the female parts. Giraffes live in nonterritorial groups of up to 20. [123]:4547 The Kiffians were responsible for a life-size rock engraving of two giraffes, dated 8,000 years ago, that has been called the "world's largest rock art petroglyph". 15 Best Places To Ride A Camel In The USA. Today, camel hybridization is carried out systematically in only two areas: Turkey and Kazakhstan. [74], A giraffe rests by lying with its body on top of its folded legs. Shields, sandals, and drums were made using the skin, and the strings of musical instruments were from the tendons. Paintings of giraffes appear on early Egyptian tombs; just as today, giraffe tails were prized for the long wiry tuft hairs used to weave belts and jewelry. Who is Katy mixon body double eastbound and down season 1 finale? The giraffe falls down and the man asks, "why you lying?" 8. Both have This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [58] The giraffe's tongue is about 45cm (18in) long. Giraffes are ruminants and have a stomach with four compartments that digests the leaves, shoots, fruits, flowers, and even twigs they eat. How many nieces and nephew luther vandross have? See taxonomy. Their widen feet prevent from sinking into loose sand of desert while walking. The animal can still provide enough oxygen for its tissues, and it can increase its respiratory rate and oxygen diffusion when running. Comparisons between giraffes and their ancient relatives suggest vertebrae close to the skull lengthened earlier, followed by lengthening of vertebrae further down. [12] The Tugen people of modern Kenya used the giraffe to depict their god Mda. Camels and giraffes walk similarly: they move both legs on one side of their body and then both legs on the other side. This prevents the animals legs from hitting one another as they speed up, and allows them to have a faster, longer stride, and conserve energy. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. For example, the okapi is the last remaining ancestor of the giraffe. [8], The giraffe genome is around 2.9 billion base pairs in length compared to the 3.3 billion base pairs of the okapi. parrot, baboon, wildebeest, deer, bugs, hyena, vulture, zebra, Heaps of animals live in the desert,for example camels are every where in the desert and people will have camel farms and the camels roam around the desert then they wil come back, scorpians, spiders, lizards, certain types of gazels and deer,i. [111] Because of their size, eyesight and powerful kicks, adult giraffes are usually not subject to predation,[43] although lions may regularly prey on individuals up to 550kg (1,210lb). [18] Males develop calcium deposits that form bumps on their skulls as they age. Despite having significantly longer necks than camels, both giraffes and camels have the same number of vertebrates in their necks, 7. [51] Male giraffes become darker as they grow old. The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus Giraffa. The weight of a camel could vary from 400 to 750 kilograms. The bottom line is that both camels and horses have been created by nature for specific purposes, and both are important to humans. Maroon5: https://www . Adaptations are changes in an organism that make it better suited for living in a particular environment. Seven other extinct species of Giraffa are known from the fossil record. [89] For research purposes, a "group" has been defined as "a collection of individuals that are less than a kilometre apart and moving in the same general direction". By the 2010s mitochondrial DNA studies had determined that genetic uniquenesses brought on by the reproductive isolation of one group from another were significant enough to separate giraffes into four distinct species. [81] The jugular veins contain several (most commonly seven) valves to prevent blood flowing back into the head from the inferior vena cava and right atrium while the head is lowered. Giraffes Have Patterned Fur, Camels Usually One-Colored, 4. Only one percent of same-sex mounting incidents occurred between females. Southern Namibia in 1760: Which animal, even though not quite as big as an elephant, is of a rather tall body and also because of the long neck, humped back and high legs is a type of camel, albeit not the proper one? Their conservation status was reclassified from a species of least concern to vulnerable in 2016 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, in response to increased mortality rates brought on by habitat loss and illegal hunting. their young under water. The joke always starts with "[someone/something] wa. [91] Masai giraffes in Tanzania sort themselves into different subpopulations of 6090 adult females with overlapping ranges, each of which differ in reproductive rates and calf mortality. The mouth is partially covered by a pair of lobes (like ear lobes) or lips. [110][116] Calf survival varies according to the season of birth, with calves born during the dry season having higher survival rates. The description column shows the traditional nine subspecies in the one species hypothesis. Those are protective measures against the sand in the desert. [8] Giraffokeryx may have shared a clade with more massively built giraffids like Sivatherium and Bramatherium. The single offspring is about 2 metres (6 feet) tall and weighs 100 kg (220 pounds). Males establish social hierarchies through "necking", combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon. It's the size of the bones that vary, of course, which is the reason that the giraffe's neck is much longer than that of any other mammal. Females call their young by bellowing. [115] Calves are much more vulnerable than adults and are also preyed on by leopards, cheetahs, spotted hyenas and wild dogs. Swaison 1835. neues restaurant dsseldorf hafen . [18] When it has access to water, a giraffe will go no more than three days without drinking. Cape Buffalo, Giraffe, and other large mammal species. Gazing at a giraffe gyroscope: where are we going?. African Journal of Ecology 53.2 (2015): 135-146. [16][17], The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently recognises only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies. It is quite likely that he was the first European to cross the Orange River from the south. [125] The Egyptians gave the giraffe its own hieroglyph; 'sr' in Old Egyptian and 'mmy' in later periods. Camels Have Fatty Humps, Giraffes Do Not, 3. [57] Giraffes may see in colour[50]:85 and their senses of hearing and smell are sharp. They are prodigious eaters, and a large male consumes about 65 kg (145 pounds) of food per day. Giraffes are still found in numerous national parks and game reserves, but estimates as of 2016 indicate there are approximately 97,500 members of Giraffa in the wild. Giraffes were traditionally classified into one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, and then into several subspecies on the basis of physical features. The European in question was Jacobus Coets Jansz, of Dutch descent, who lived at Piketberg Mountain in the Western Cape. Early giraffes, which had yet to evolve the long necks of their evolutionary descendants, closely resembled those giraffe relatives, with longer, antelope/deer-like horns and shorter necks. [51] A quarter to a half of giraffe calves reach adulthood. Males join other bachelors when one to two years old, whereas daughters are likely to stay near the mother. Dromedaries have a single hump while camels have two. One of the similarities between a penguin and a seal is that they both have flippers, which are designed to move easily underwater. Cool guy. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Giraffes are not classified as an endangered species. The radius and ulna of the front legs are articulated by the carpus, which, while structurally equivalent to the human wrist, functions as a knee. [123]:81, Giraffes have become popular attractions in modern zoos, though keeping them healthy is difficult as they require vast areas and need to eat large amounts of browse. [43] When stressed, giraffes may chew on large branches, stripping them of bark. giraffe, (genus Giraffa), any of four species in the genus Giraffa of long-necked cud-chewing hoofed mammals of Africa, with long legs and a coat pattern of irregular brown patches on a light background. This concludes our article that goes over the main differences and similarities between camels and giraffes. [86] Giraffes browse on the twigs of trees, preferring those of the subfamily Acacieae and the genera Commiphora and Terminalia,[87] which are important sources of calcium and protein to sustain the giraffe's growth rate. A review of visual, auditory, and olfactory communication among giraffes", "Hiss and snort call types of wild-living giraffes, "Nocturnal "humming" vocalizations: adding a piece to the puzzle of giraffe vocal communication", "Fecal steroid analysis of female giraffe (, "Sociosexual behavior, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe, "Androgen changes and flexible rutting behaviour in male giraffes". The cardiovascular secrets of giraffes", "Giraffe genome sequence reveals clues to its unique morphology and physiology", "Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity: an overview", "Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe", "Multi-locus Analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one", "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)", "Whole-genome analysis of giraffe supports four distinct species", "Giraffe The Facts: Current giraffe status? This is called adaptive heterothermy and helps save water and survive extremely high temperatures. To get back up, it first gets on its front knees and positions its backside on top of its hindlegs. [37], Giraffes have oesophageal muscles that are strong enough to allow regurgitation of food from the stomach up the neck and into the mouth for rumination. The gait of the giraffe is a pace (both legs on one side move together). Experts originally believed a giraffe to be a cross between a camel and a leopard, an aspect that gave rise to its scientific name, Camelopardalis. In a gallop, it pushes off with the hind legs, and the front legs come down almost together, but no two hooves touch the ground at the same time. [9], Giraffids like Palaeotragus, Shansitherium and Samotherium appeared 14mya and lived throughout Africa and Eurasia. Technically, giraffes are classified as artiodactyls, or even-toed ungulateswhich puts them in the same mammalian family as whales, pigs, deer, and cows, all of which evolved from a "last common ancestor" that probably lived sometime during the Eocene epoch, about 50 million years ago. They prefer by areas dominated by Acacieae, Commiphora, Combretum and Terminalia tree over Brachystegia which are more densely spaced. The studies propose that camel milk can have a therapeutic impact on the autistic brain. A Reticulated Giraffe has regular patterns with a bright chestnut colour and white spaces. [127], The Egyptians were among the earliest people to keep giraffes in captivity and shipped them around the Mediterranean. Hybridization between dromedaries and Bactrian camels has been carried out since ancient times in various areas of the Middle East and Central Asia. 84 30 Some of the similarities to the Ethiopian and the great differences from the Australian avifauna have already been pointed out. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They are critically endangered. A Rothschild's Giraffe has brown patterns with cream spaces. "The development of the reproductive organs of the male giraffe, "Predatorprey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park", "Predator-prey size relationships in an African large-mammal food web", "Sociability increases survival of adult female giraffes", "Spatial variation in giraffe demography: a test of 2 paradigms", "Migratory herds of wildebeests and zebras indirectly affect calf survival of giraffes", "Zebra reduce predation risk in mixed-species herds by eavesdropping on cues from giraffe", "Audience for a Giraffe: European Expansionism and the Quest for the Exotic", "Giraffes facing 'silent extinction' as population plunges", "New bird species and giraffe under threat IUCN Red List", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T88421036A88421121.en, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T88420717A88420720.en, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T88420707A88420710.en, "Surge in wildlife killings is wiping out giraffes", "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area", "Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania", "Chimpanzees among 33 breeds selected for special protection", "Good News for Giraffes at CITES CoP18 > Newsroom", "Giraffe translocations: A review and discussion of considerations", "Giraffe translocation population viability analysis", "Precision, accuracy, and costs of survey methods for giraffe, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giraffe&oldid=1141526210, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 14:15.
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