[306][c] The Georgian Orthodox Church is one of the world's most ancient Christian Churches, and claims apostolic foundation by Saint Andrew. Notable painters from the 20th century include Niko Pirosmani, Lado Gudiashvili, Elene Akhvlediani; notable ballet choreographers include George Balanchine, Vakhtang Chabukiani, and Nino Ananiashvili; notable poets include Galaktion Tabidze, Lado Asatiani, and Mukhran Machavariani; and notable theatre and film directors include Robert Sturua, Tengiz Abuladze, Giorgi Danelia, and Otar Ioseliani. [127], Different opinions exist regarding the degree of political freedom in Georgia. The medals depict the famous statue "Motherland" Calls, which was . On 9 April 1991, shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Supreme Council of Georgia declared independence after a referendum held on 31 March. This method of cultivation is called maglari. [306][c] 0.7 per cent of those recorded in the 2014 census declared themselves to be adherents of other religions, 1.2 per cent refused or did not state their religion and 0.5 per cent declared no religion at all. In 2016, 2,714,773 tourists brought approximately US$2.16billion to the country. [117] Russia recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as separate republics on 26 August. The extinction of the Iberian royal dynasties, such as Guaramids and the Chosroids,[42] and also the Abbasid preoccupation with their own civil wars and conflict with the Byzantine Empire, led to the Bagrationi family's growth in prominence. The Cabinet is composed of ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, and appointed by the Parliament. [316][317] Education in Georgia is mandatory for all children aged 614. These artillery attacks immediately caused Georgian servicemen to return fire periodically. There are two main climatic zones, roughly corresponding to the eastern and western parts of the country. In the Middle Ages, the unified Kingdom of Georgia emerged and reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries. [18] Starting with the Persian word gur/gurn, the word was later adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic and West European languages. One of the most unusual traditions of dining is supra, or Georgian table, which is also a way of socializing with friends and family. It was the last direct election of a Georgian president, as additional constitutional reforms removed the popular vote. "[197] In 2012, the World Bank called Georgia a "unique success" of the world in fighting corruption, noting "Georgia's experience shows that the vicious cycle of endemic corruption can be broken and, with appropriate and decisive reforms, can be turned into a virtuous cycle. 888 pp., Tbilisi, Academy of Science of the Georgian SSR, 1986, Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. Various historical regions of Georgia are known for their particular dishes: for example, khinkali (meat dumplings), from eastern mountainous Georgia, and khachapuri, mainly from Imereti, Samegrelo and Adjara. There were a number of other styles in the past that are not as widely used today. [235] 1,729 species of plants have been recorded from Georgia in association with fungi. [219] This was used as a justification for Russian invasion of Georgia during the 2008 South Ossetia war after which Russia recognized the region's independence. [citation needed] The media environment of Georgia remains the freest and most diverse in the South Caucasus,[342] despite the long-term politicization and polarisation affecting the sector. Country straddling Western Asia and Eastern Europe in the Caucusus, "Republic of Georgia" redirects here. Burkhard Herbote, tourism Hero. [196] However, following the reforms brought by the peaceful revolution, the level of corruption in the country abated dramatically. Georgia. [145], On 31 October 2020, the ruling Georgian Dream again led by Bidzina Ivanishvili secured over 48% of votes in the parliamentary election under a different electoral system. (Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images) Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger has called on House Speaker Kevin McCarthy to oppose a federal takeover of elections and support election law reforms. The threshold for the proportional vote was lowered to 1%, which resulted in 9 parties being represented in parliament. [295][c], In the early 1990s, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, violent separatist conflicts broke out in the autonomous region of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region. "It's a communist regime. [137] However, the new constitution made the role of president largely ceremonial. Georgia is a small country. In 2018, more than 1.4million tourists from Russia visited Georgia. Georgia is the official host country at ITB Berlin 2023. Other architectural features of Georgia include Rustaveli Avenue in Tbilisi and the Old Town District. [315], The education system of Georgia has undergone sweeping, though controversial, modernisation since 2004. [307] In the first half of the 4th century, Christianity was adopted as the state religion of Iberia (present-day Kartli, or eastern Georgia), following the missionary work of Saint Nino of Cappadocia. [308][309] The Church gained autocephaly during the early Middle Ages; it was abolished during the Russian domination of the country, restored in 1917 and fully recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1989. With the support of the UNFPA, the demographic data for the period 19942014 has been retro-projected. In 2019, Georgia ranked 61st on the Human Development Index (HDI). [93][94] A bomb explosion on 1 August 2008 targeted a car transporting Georgian peacekeepers. The USSR was also the largest communist country. [52] Tamar was given the title "king of kings" (mepe mepeta). The high-water mark of Communist activity in Georgia occurred in the early 1930s, when the state's economy was suffering from the ravages of the Great Depression. [334][335][336][337] This self-identity is stronger among the dominant ethnic Georgian population than in the country's minority groups. [56], The rulers of regions that remained partly autonomous organized rebellions on various occasions. The party was founded on 23 February 1992 as the Socialist Labour Party. [228], Much of western Georgia lies within the northern periphery of the humid subtropical zone with annual precipitation ranging from 1,0002,500mm (3998in), reaching a maximum during the Autumn months. The population of the nation is about 3.718 million people. Western Georgia's landscape ranges from low-land marsh-forests, swamps, and temperate rainforests to eternal snows and glaciers, while the eastern part of the country even contains a small segment of semi-arid plains. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia emerged as an independent republic under German protection. [47] The Golden age of Georgia left a legacy of great cathedrals, romantic poetry and literature, and the epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin, the latter which is considered a national epic. CABI, 2008. [341], Television, magazines, and newspapers in Georgia are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Georgian army was defeated and the Social Democratic government fled the country. The country of Georgia is located in the Caucasus region at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Russian suzerainty over eastern Georgia was officially finalized with Iran in 1813 following the Treaty of Gulistan. Beginning in 2007, politicians here have been debating whether or not to change the governmental framework to a constitutional monarchy. [337], The Georgian language, and the Classical Georgian literature of the poet Shota Rustaveli, were revived in the 19th century after a long period of turmoil, laying the foundations of the romantics and novelists of the modern era such as Grigol Orbeliani, Nikoloz Baratashvili, Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, and Vazha-Pshavela. [217] In addition, another territory not officially autonomous has also declared independence. In recent years Georgia has invested large amounts of money in the modernization of its transport networks. The common pheasant (also known as the Colchian Pheasant) is an endemic bird of Georgia which has been widely introduced throughout the rest of the world as an important game bird. During much of this time (1927-1953), Joseph Stalin was the totalitarian leader. The federation consisted of three nations: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. [222], Georgia is a mountainous country situated almost entirely in the South Caucasus, while some slivers of the country are situated north of the Caucasus Watershed in the North Caucasus. [177] On 27 February 2017, the Council adopted a regulation on visa liberalization for Georgians travelling to the EU for a period of stay of 90 days in any 180-day period. [267] Other tourist attractions are Cave City, Ananuri Castle/Church, Sighnaghi and Mount Kazbek. The only remaining large, low-land forests remain in the Alazani Valley of Kakheti. Georgia was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic after 25 February 1921 when the Red Army entered its capital Tbilisi and installed a communist government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze. It is bounded on the north and northeast by Russia, on the east and southeast by Azerbaijan, on the south by Armenia and Turkey, and on the west by the Black Sea. The alphabet probably was created soon afterward to . p. 65. [226], The landscape within the nation's boundaries is quite varied. Archaeological research demonstrates that Georgia has been involved in commerce with many lands and empires since ancient times, largely due its location on the Black Sea and later on the historical Silk Road. "[171] He was quoted as saying that if NATO accepts Georgian membership with the article on collective defence covering only Tbilisi-administered territory (i.e., excluding the Georgian territories Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both of which are currently Russian-supported unrecognized breakaway republics), "we will not start a war, but such conduct will undermine our relations with NATO and with countries who are eager to enter the alliance. [112] The war displaced 192,000 people,[113] and while many were able to return to their homes after the war, a year later around 30,000 ethnic Georgians remained displaced. [242][243] The World Bank dubbed Georgia "the number one economic reformer in the world" because it has in one year improved from rank 112th to 18th in terms of ease of doing business,[244] and by 2020 further improved its position to 6th in the world. Lake Paliastomi area). 1953 - Soviet Union explodes its first hydrogen bomb. [48][49], David suppressed dissent of feudal lords and centralized the power in his hands to effectively deal with foreign threats. The climate of the region varies significantly with elevation and while much of the lowland areas of western Georgia are relatively warm throughout the year, the foothills and mountainous areas (including both the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains) experience cool, wet summers and snowy winters (snow cover often exceeds 2 metres or 6feet 7inches in many regions). In the early 9th century the Abkhazian Church broke away from Constantinople and recognized the authority of the Catholicate of Mtskheta; the Georgian language replaced Greek as the language of literacy and culture. After obtaining independence for the state, the matter of church independence became the main problem. On 13 April 2006, the discussion of the assessment report on implementation of the Individual Partnership Action Plan was held at NATO Headquarters, within 26+1 format. Since the early 21st century visible positive developments have been observed in the economy of Georgia. [1] The party is member of Union of Communist Parties Communist Party of the Soviet Union . When the era of Communist rule began in Russia in 1917, religion was seen as a hindrance to a thriving socialist society. [256] A perception of economic stagnation led to a 2019 survey of 1,500 residents finding unemployment was considered a significant problem by 73% of respondents, with 49% reporting their income had decreased over the prior year. COVID-19 Travel restrictions for Georgia As of June 15th 2022, Citizens of any foreign countries, traveling to Georgia via any route, are no longer obliged to present either Covid-vaccination certificate or PCR-examination negative result For more information, visit the Georgia official governmental site. [287] On the basis of that back-projection, Geostat has corrected its data for these years. [151], Georgia maintains good relations with its direct neighbours Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey, and is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Community of Democratic Choice, the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development[152] and the Asian Development Bank. One explanation put forward by UNFPA is that families of emigrants continued to list them in 2002 as residents for fear of losing certain rights or benefits. Its autonomous status was revoked in 1990. Both peasants and workers found expression for their discontent through revolts and strikes, culminating in the Revolution of 1905. Georgian wine making is a very old tradition and a key branch of the country's economy. This period during the reigns of David IV (r. 10891125) and his great-granddaughter Tamar (r. 11841213) has been widely termed as Georgia's Golden Age or the Georgian Renaissance. The native name is Sakartvelo (; 'land of Kartvelians'), derived from the core central Georgian region of Kartli, recorded from the 9th century, and in extended usage referring to the entire medieval Kingdom of Georgia by the 13th century. [73] The Menshevik Social Democratic Party of Georgia won the parliamentary election and its leader, Noe Zhordania, became prime minister. Georgian territory under central control in dark green; The country's name likely derives from Persian, Largest cities or towns in Georgia (country). The executive branch of power is made up of the Cabinet of Georgia. The highest mountain in Georgia is Mount Shkhara at 5,203 metres (17,070ft), and the second highest is Mount Janga at 5,059m (16,598ft) above sea level. Cuba is currently a communist country. This law prohibits communist symbolism and ideology along with fascist symbolism and ideology. [351], The most popular sports in Georgia are football, basketball, rugby union, wrestling, judo, and weightlifting. President Saakashvili acknowledged the defeat of his party on the following day. Free shipping for many products! In addition, 435 were wounded, including 35 amputees. [193], The new Patruli force was first introduced in the summer of 2005 to replace the traffic police, a force which was accused of widespread corruption. [139], In October 2016, the ruling party Georgian Dream won the parliamentary elections with 48.61 percent of the vote while the opposition United National Movement (UNM) gained 27.04 percent of the vote. Georgia ranked number 58 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking,[258] up from 60 in 2015. Document No. [200] Since 2016 the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index hovers around 56 out of 100 points. Later, in 1936, the TSFSR was dissolved and Georgia emerged as a union republic: the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Since February 2021, Irakli Gharibashvili has been the Prime Minister of Georgia. After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union and implemented a policy of de-Stalinization. [226], The climate of Georgia is extremely diverse, considering the nation's small size. Communism is both a political system and an economic one. [271] Infrastructural development has also been high on the agenda for the railways, with the key Tbilisi railway junction expected to undergo major reorganization in the near future. Around 23,000 Georgians fled South Ossetia as well. On 29 October 2004, the North Atlantic Council of NATO approved the Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) of Georgia, and Georgia moved on to the second stage of Euro-Atlantic Integration. Georgian is the primary language of 87.7 per cent of the population, followed by 6.2 per cent speaking Azerbaijani, 3.9 per cent Armenian, 1.2 per cent Russian, and 1 per cent other languages. [71], From 1803 to 1878, as a result of numerous Russian wars now against Ottoman Turkey, several of Georgia's previously lost territories such as Adjara were recovered, and also incorporated into the empire. A bitter civil war and feudal revolts which began under Demetrius III (r. 967975) led the kingdom into complete anarchy under the unfortunate king Theodosius III the Blind (r. 975978). Rugby is considered Georgia's national sport. The country then became embroiled in a bitter civil war, which lasted until nearly 1994. In 2010, Transparency International (TI) named Georgia "the best corruption-buster in the world. [134] Due to the incomplete transition to parliamentary democracy, a year of uneasy cohabitation between rivals Ivanishvili and Saakashvili followed until the October 2013 presidential elections. [294] There were 184 thousand immigrants in Georgia in 2014 with most of them hailing from Russia (51.6%), Greece (8.3%), Ukraine (8.11%), Germany (4.3%), and Armenia (3.8%). "Dictionary of the Fungi". Zurabishvili was backed by the ruling Georgian Dream party. The region between Kazbek and Shkhara (a distance of about 200km (124mi) along the Main Caucasus Range) is dominated by numerous glaciers. Rustavi International Motorpark originally built in 1978 was re-opened in 2012 after total reconstruction[356] costing $20million. The responsibility for such actions does not cause dangerous consequences for the public. [282][d] Georgia was also once home to significant ethnic German communities, numbering 11,394 according to the 1926 census. [44][45] The most prosperous period of the Abkhazian kingdom was between 850 and 950. The 1989 census recorded 341,000 ethnic Russians, or 6.3 per cent of the population,[288] 52,000 Ukrainians and 100,000 Greeks in Georgia. Russian rule offered the Georgians security from external threats, but it was also often heavy-handed and insensitive. [30], Archaeological evidence indicates that Georgia has been the site of wine production since at least 6,000 BC, which over time played a role in forming Georgia's culture and national identity. [55] The Mongols were expelled by George V of Georgia (r. 12991302), son of Demetrius II of Georgia (r. 12701289), who was named "Brilliant" for his role in restoring the country's previous strength and Christian culture. [225] The main roads through the mountain range into Russian territory lead through the Roki Tunnel between Shida Kartli and North Ossetia and the Darial Gorge (in the Georgian region of Khevi). [275] There are a number of seaports along Georgia's Black Sea coast, the largest and most busy of which is the Port of Batumi; whilst the town is itself a seaside resort, the port is a major cargo terminal in the Caucasus and is often used by neighbouring Azerbaijan as a transit point for making energy deliveries to Europe.
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