(credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. 1. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Add a comment. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. . The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Feeling tired. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. A) managed care Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. 0. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). As we grow older, we sleep less. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. a. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds.
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