bantu semitic language Bendi [103][101] The feminine marker T is one of the most consistent aspects across the different branches of AA;[133] in addition to deriving feminine nouns in many branches, it also functions as a diminutive, pejorative, and/or singulative marker in some languages. ; possible n. derivation < v. in #1004). The Semitic line of Afro-Asiatic has the most language sub-sets. BLACK ATHENA The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization - V - $57.73. Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization (The p-Aroid Temein [72] Earlier, the first scholar to question to existence of "Hamitic languages" was Marcel Cohen (1924),[9] while skepticism was also expressed by A. Klingenheben and Dietrich Westermann (1920s and '30s). The languages that evolved from Proto-Arabic have around 313 million native speakers, concentrated primarily in the Middle East and North Africa.[5]. [137][d] Another common method of forming plurals is reduplication. p-Potou-Akanic [104] Several Omotic languages have "sibilant harmony", meaning that all sibilants (s, sh, z, ts, etc.) V. V. ven. In current scholarship, the most common names used for the family are Afroasiatic (or Afro-Asiatic), Hamito-Semitic, and Semito-Hamitic. Linguistic guesstimates or phylogenetic speculation date the proto-language (and thus the homeland) within a wide range, from 15,000 to 6,000 years ago. It rigorously applies, throughout, the established canon and techniques. ; PC variant *damn-), (Ch., Eg., Sem. (root #311+old Afroasiatic pl. [112] Greenberg divided Semitic consonants into four types: "back consonants" (glottal, pharyngeal, uvular, laryngeal, and velar consonants), "front consonants" (dental or alveolar consonants), liquid consonants, and labial consonants. in *n, as also in #210) 324. in a word must match. Forms that do not follow the pattern are in parentheses. [26] The second is the Guanche language, which was formerly spoken on the Canary Islands and went extinct in the 17th century CE. shared innovation: 'raise' > 'lift, pick up'; probable further Ch., Eg., Sem. If so, semantics are unclear), (pl. Tivoid p-Guang Looking at present languages and going backward helps us know what languages were like anciently (Atlas, p.75). This language family has now been renamed Afro-Asiatic, because this term is less culture specific (Dalby, p.6). The proto-language of each Afroasiatic branch developed its own distinct vocabulary of food production, further supporting the view that herding and cultivation emerged separately in each branch after the proto-Afroasiatic period ( 7, 8 ). [101] The Omotic forms of the personal pronouns differ from the others, with only the plural forms in North Omotic appearing potentially to be cognate. innovation: as synonym for #505), (vowel reconstruction uncertain: PAA *u, *ee, or *oo are also possible here; contrary to earlier views, this is surely a distinct root from #503), (Eg., Sem. [121] This structure is particularly visible in the verbs,[153] and is particularly noticeable in the triliteral Semitic verb. Afro-Asiatic is divided into six branches: Semitic, Berber, Egyptian, Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic. Archaeology and the study of oral traditions helps linguists find connections between language families. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) : vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary / Christopher Ehret Get this Comments (0) Librarian's View Copyright Status Online In the Library Order a copy Request this item to view in the Library's reading rooms using your library card. innovation: 'knee'; Berber *afud < *puuz), to be finished, come to an end, be used up, (Sem., Cush. Christopher Ehret. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian Proto-Nostratic would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BCE, in the Epipaleolithic period, close to the end of the last glacial period. [9] ( [30] A common characteristic of AA languages is the existence of a special set of "independent" pronouns, which are distinct from subject pronouns. [179] However, there is no consensus on what the reconstructed set of Afroasiatic pronouns might have looked like. innovation: move > move toward), (probably demon., root #767+ *l n./adj. [87], Afroasiatic languages share a number of phonetic and phonological features. [50], Most authorities divide Semitic into two branches: East Semitic, which includes the extinct Akkadian language and West Semitic, which includes Arabic, Aramaic, the Canaanite languages, including Hebrew, as well as the Ethiopian Semitic languages such as Ge'ez and Amharic. as ELL). Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1994. [159] The Egyptian verbal system diverges greatly from that found in the other branches. in East Africa. Historical phonology central chadic prosodies and lexical [119] Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova instead proposed a six vowel system with a, e, o, i, ([y]), and u. [150] Christopher Ehret has argued that this prefix is a later development that was not present in Proto-Afro-Asiatic, but rather derived from a PAA indefinite pronoun *m-. E-V13. Lenguaje proto-afroasitico - gaz.wiki innovation: 'not want' > 'not need,' hence 'be sated'), (Eg., Sem. [99] In all AA languages, consonants can be bilabial, alveolar, velar, and glottal, with additional places of articulation found in some branches or languages. 'to come so close as to brush against'), (Eg., Sem. [176], Due to its presence in the oldest attested and best-known AA branches, nisba derivation is often thought of as a "quintessentially Afroasiatic feature". Many of these roots have other proposed cognates that are not included on the table. velar consonants can occur with pharyngeals or laryngeals; This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 01:29. 1995. *kanf-/*kinf-wing: 325. [106] The most widespread constraint is against two different labial consonants (other than w) occurring together in a root, a constraint which can be found in all branches but Omotic. Nara Report Save. p-Chadic [23] In the past, Berber languages were spoken throughout North Africa except in Egypt;[24] since the 7th century CE, however, they have been heavily affected by Arabic and have been replaced by it in many places. Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikipedia Semitic speakers moved into the Fertile Crescent and "emerg[ed] into history" by bringing Akkadian (a Semitic language) into what is now Iraq, a previously Sumerian-speaking area (Dalby ,p6). PDF Vowels And Consonants However, since the 1970s and '80s, comparisons of other Chadic subject pronouns with the Hausa ones have convinced most scholars that the similarity to the prefix conjugation is incidental. the ancient Egypto-Semitic evidence. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is of great antiquity; experts tend to place it in the Mesolithic Period at about 15,000-10,000 bce. innovation: *-VC- v. stems > *-CV-), (Eg., Sem. [109] Additionally, he showed that Proto-Semitic restricted a sequence of two identical consonants in the first and second position of the triliteral root. [4] The most widely spoken modern Afroasiatic language or dialect continuum by far is Arabic, a de facto group of distinct language varieties within the Semitic branch. shared innovation: *als-/*ils- 'tongue': *a-/*i-attrib. [54] The "Hamitic theory" would serve as the basis for Carl Meinhof's highly influential classification of African languages in his book Die Sprache der Hamiten (1912). South Bauchi in *n, as also in #323), (possible V reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o), (Sem., Eg., Ch. A set of constraints, developed originally by Joseph Greenberg on the basis of Arabic, has been claimed to be typical for Afroasiatic languages. [40] Militarev associates the speakers of Proto-Afroasiatic with the Levantine Post-Natufian Culture, arguing that the reconstructed lexicon of flora and fauna, as well as farming vocabulary indicates that Proto-AA must have been spoken in this area. Author: Martin Bernal Language: EnglishEdition: 1stBinding: HardcoverPages: 575Publisher: Rutgers Univ PressPublication Date: 304805601149 Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011. . [130], The assignment of nouns and pronouns to either masculine or feminine gender is present in all branches - but not all languages - of the Afroasiatic family. p-Songhay p-Ron Traditionally, the Hausa subject pronouns have been compared to the prefix conjugation. SOm stat. *t: . The Proto-Afroasiatic Vowel System. 28 July 1999. [189] In some Berber languages, the roots for one and two are also borrowed from Arabic. Egyptian is classified as a distinct language and the other sub-groups are: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, and Semitic (Voegelin, p.12). p-Surmic and touches on external evidence from Afroasiatic cognate languages. With the exception of its Semitic branch, all branches of the Afroasiatic family are . Table of Contents: Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) There are approximately 400 Afroasiatic languages, either living or recorded but extinct. [31] They are all spoken in southwest Ethiopia except for the Ganza language, spoken in Sudan. p-Akokoid [131], Afroasiatic languages have a variety of ways of marking plurals; in some branches, nouns change gender from singular to plural (gender polarity),[133] while in others, plural forms are ungendered. p-Talodi [171][172] In Akkadian and Egyptian, the suffixes appear to be reduced forms of the independent pronouns (see Pronouns); the obvious correspondence between the endings in the two branches has been argued to show that Egyptian and Semitic are closely related. Under East Semitic rose Akkadian and Babylonian. innovation: narrowing of meaning to beating time to music), (Eg., Sem. Archaeologists and anthropologists have long viewed the Bible as mankind's best guide to prehistoric religion, however, archaeologist Klaus Schmidt had no reason to . Greenberg, 1958 D. Cohen,. [54] Greenberg rejected the Afroasiatic classification of languages that Meinhof had classified as "Hamitic" based on racial and anthropological data. Diamond and Bellwood adopt Militarev's ( 2) solitary counterclaim of proto-Afroasiatic cultivation. [99] In Cushitic, the Ethiopian Semitic language Tigrinya, and some Chadic languages, there is no underlying phoneme [p] at all. While there is no consensus among historical linguists concerning the original homeland of the Afroasiatic family or the period when the parent language (i.e. It rigorously applies, throughout, the established canon and techniques of the historical-comparative method. Beboid BLACK ATHENA The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization - V $57.73 [38] The oldest text in a Cushitic language probably dates from around 1770. (Pdf) From Proto-berber to Proto-afroasiatic I.2.1. Mao p-Ring [146] Coptic and Egyptian grammar also refers to nouns having a "free" (absolute) state, a "construct state," and a "pronominal state." They are not found in Chadic languages, and there is no evidence for cases in Egyptian. Aunque las estimaciones varan ampliamente, los eruditos creen que se hablaba como un solo idioma hace entre 12.000 y 18.000 aos (12 a 18 kya ), es decir, entre 16.000 y 10.000 a . [127], Afroasiatic Languages use the processes of reduplication and gemination (which often overlap in meaning) to derive nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs throughout the AA language family. [6] [22] Other scholars, however, argue that they are a group of around twelve languages, about as different from each other as the Romance or Germanic languages. [54][73][9] The reluctance of some scholars to recognize Chadic as a member of Afroasiatic persisted as late as the 1980s. [99], The majority of AA languages are tonal languages: phonemic tonality is found in Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, but absent in Berber and Semitic. Adapted from Ruhlen 1987. FOR SALE! [129] Full or partial reduplication of the verb is often used to derive forms showing repeated action (pluractionality), though it is unclear if this is an inherited feature or has been widely borrowed. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone [89] Igor Diakonoff argues that the requirement to begin with a vowel goes back to Proto-Afroasiatic. Anaang The system in Berber, Egyptian, and Semitic, however, has independent words for the numbers 6-9. Mimi-N *kop-sole (of foot . Also, how do roots work? Both works provide highly divergent reconstructions and have been heavily criticized by other scholars. [98] Additionally, the glottal stop () usually exists as a phoneme, and there tends to be no phonemic contrast between [p] and [f] or [b] and [v]. Map of Afro-Asiatic languages distribution (click to enlarge it) The root form of the verb has only three consonants in common. [49][48] Arabic, spoken in both Asia and Africa, has around 300 million native speakers, while the Ethiopian Amharic has around 25 million. derivation by addition of *-u- tr. [17][18] Victor Porkhomovsky suggests that the label "Hamito-Semitic" is at this point simply convention and no more implies an opposition between Semitic and "Hamitic" languages than "Indo-European" implies a "European" and an Indic branch. p-Atlantic-Congo Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12,000 to 18,000 years ago (12 to 18 kya ), that is, between 16,000 and 10,000 BC. [25][26], There are two extinct languages potentially related to modern Berber. Omotic, Cushitic, and Chadic are also spoken north of the Sahara so it must be assumed that the speakers of these "dialects" migrated north likewise, though perhaps separately from the Boreafrasian speakers (Dalby, p.6). West Semitic brought forth such languages as Canaanite, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Arabic (EL, p.906). [65] In 1844, Theodor Benfey first described the relationship between Semitic and the Egyptian language and connected both to the Berber and the Cushitic languages (which he called "Ethiopic"). Kunama innovation: derivation of n. for 'hand'), (Eg., Sem. p-Lakka [20], The Berber (or Libyco-Berber) languages are spoken today by perhaps 16 million people. [88], Egyptian, Cushitic, Berber, Omotic, and most languages in the Semitic branch all require a syllable to begin with a consonant (with the exception of some grammatical prefixes). [100], All or most branches of AA have a contrast between voiceless, voiced, and "emphatic" consonants. [30] Most Chadic languages are located in the Chad basin, with the exception of Hausa. 'be, exist'), (root seen also in #983 + probably *s caus. [27] The first longer written examples of modern Berber varieties only date from the 16th or 17th centuries CE. Bariba suff. [174] The Semitic genitive case in -i is probably related to "nisba" adjective derivation. Continue Reading 5 Brian Collins The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic ), also known as Hamito-Semitic, [3] or Semito-Hamitic, [4] and sometimes also as Afrasian or Erythraean, [5] are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara / Sahel. [93] Most words end in a vowel in Omotic and Cushitic, making syllable-final consonant clusters rare. New York: Elsevier, 1977. [117] In the different languages, central vowels are often inserted to break up consonant clusters (a form of epenthesis). The Berber and Semitic branches share certain grammatical features (e.g. Afroasiatic languages - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core n. pref. [144], A second category, which partially overlaps with case, is the AA linguistic category of "state." It is, rather, a comparison of Proto-Indo-European with Proto-Afroasiatic. [83], A significant minority of scholars supports an Asian origin of Afroasiatic,[78] most of whom are specialists in Semitic or Egyptian studies. for expected *ii probably reflects phonetic influence of PC root in #254), (Sem., Eg. [138][177] Christopher Ehret argues for its presence in Proto-Afroasiatic and for its attestation in some form in all branches, with a shape -*ay in addition to -*iy in some cases. *kns-loins: 326. Whether this proto-language is ancestral to Berber and Semitic only, or also to other branches of Afroasiatic, still remains to be established. p-Daju [115] James P. Allen has demonstrated that slightly different rules apply to Egyptian: for instance, Egyptian allows two identical consonants in some roots, and disallows velars from occurring with pharyngeals. [68] Greenberg also proposed that Hausa was part of a Chadic branch of Afroasiatic, and that Afroasiatic consisted of five main branches, Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic. These are some known features common to more than one branch, though (Hodge 1971; Lecarme, Lowenstamm, and Shlonsky 2000; Frajzyngier and Shay 2012): [134] A system K (masculine), T (feminine), and H (plural) can be found in Cushitic, Chadic, with masculine K also appearing in Omotic. innovation: semantic narrowing to hitting with the hand), (probable *tliiz-, adj. fort. There is an obvious trend (probably driven by Semitic and Egyptian researchers) to place the Afroasiatic Homeland near one of the many proposed Semitic homelands, i.e.
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