These programs have opposition and critics who believe they are ineffective and badly managed. My time as a Governance Specialist in the Advocacy Department at the Office of Hawaiian Affairs was a frustrating experience at times because a state agency can never be the entity to help Hawaiians as a people come together and decide on a governance structure. Hawaiian National Sovereignty at its core is the ahupuaa system since it allows Hawaiians to be fully themselves. An ability to discharge debt by issuing bonds. My years as a civil rights attorney allowed me to view the Apology Law in a new light. Akina again filed suit to stop the election because funding of the project comes from a grant from the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and because of a Supreme Court decision prohibiting states from conducting race-based elections. What are the pros and cons of popular sovereignty? A Hawaiian scholar explains the multifaceted movement, which is pushing for the United States to return land taken during an 1893 coup d'tat that overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy. Until the reign of Kalakaua, this was the only Order instituted. Helm and Mitchell (who were accompanied by Billy Mitchell, no relation) ran into severe weather and were unable to reach Kahoolawe. Hawaii is a state, a part of the United States of America. [60], Kanahele made headlines again in 1995 when his group gave sanctuary to Nathan Brown, a Native Hawaiian activist who had refused to pay federal taxes in protest against the U.S. presence in Hawaii. road noise camry vs accord; toddler timberland boots size 10. pet friendly cabins cades cove tn; courtyard by marriott san francisco downtown/van ness ave 3. She theorizes paradoxes in the laws themselves and in nationalist assertions of Hawaiian Kingdom restoration and demands for U.S. deoccupation, which echo colonialist models of . Instead, the Apology Law affirms that true justice, healing, and hooponopono will only be achieved when Hawaiians, the U.S., and the State of Hawaii come together on equal footing and as sovereigns to discuss what truth, justice, and reconciliation means and what it looks like in practice. 6566) (internal footnotes omitted). hawaiian sovereignty pros and cons. In 1977, the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii allowed the Navy's use of this island to continue, but directed the Navy to prepare an environmental impact statement and complete an inventory of historic sites on the island. [73] Charles Maxwell and other community leaders began to plan a coordinated effort to land on the island, which was still under Navy control. In its decision, the court wrote: "the ancestral inquiry mandated by the State is forbidden by the Fifteenth Amendment for the further reason that the use of racial classifications is corruptive of the whole legal order democratic elections seek to preserve.Distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality". hawaiian sovereignty pros and cons. The United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom: A Political History. He wrote that his first impression was to be completely against the process. . It caused an Americanization of the Hawaiian culture. Western systems of governance, including the term sovereignty, could never fully capture what Hawaiian National Sovereignty means but the Hawaiian words and concepts of ahupuaa, puuhonua, ina and aloha are a good start. [41], ALOHA sought reparations for Native Hawaiians by hiring a former U.S. representative to write a bill that, while not ratified, did spawn a congressional study. Nation of Hawaii was a place of learning and healing for me because I had always been searching for a way to give back to the Hawaiian community for the many opportunities I had been provided with and to reconnect after living in diaspora for 15 years on the continent, as so many Hawaiians are forced to. The movement generally views both the overthrow and annexation as illegal. (1965). [58], In 2015, Kanahele portrayed himself in the movie Aloha filmed on location in Hawaii at Puuhonua o Waimanalo. emaar architecture internship; hawaiian sovereignty pros and cons. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) was the result of a 1978 amendment to the Hawaii State Constitution and controls over $1 billion from the Ceded Lands Trust, spending millions to address Native Hawaiians' needs. 8. Recently, I asked Uncle Bumpy what Hawaiian National Sovereignty means to him and he pointed to a map showing the ahupuaa system. This led to economic integration with the islands thus making the US a superpower nation. Hawaii was not being acquired as a state but a territory. 7. Debunking the basic claims of Hawaiian sovereignty activists regarding the illegality of the overthrow, illegality of the annexation, indigenous status of native Hawaiians, ownership of the ceded lands, entitlement to political sovereignty and reparations, non-natives as mere guests, self-determination, stolen lands hawaiian sovereignty pros and cons. The inverted Hawaiian flag represents the Hawaiian Kingdom in distress and is the main symbol of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. The very fact that the Manifest Destiny argument was one of the foundational reasons to take over the islands continued the colonial trend that Americans criticized Europe for doing at the same time. Immunity to statutory, vehicle, and civil law. It provides people with regional stability. [4][5] Palmyra Atoll and Sikaiana were annexed by the Kingdom in the 1860s, and the movement regards them as under illegal occupation along with the Hawaiian Islands. The United States decided to proceed with the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. Recently, I asked Uncle Bumpy what Hawaiian National Sovereignty means to him and he pointed to a map showing the, The Nation and its many initiatives and projects use the, I was invited to begin my journey 7 years ago and I still marvel and appreciate every time I get to visit, This paper is both a love letter to Queen Liliuokalani, who has been my guiding force since that thesis summer in 2006, and a heartfelt. The nonprofit organization Nai Aupuni will organize the constitutional convention and election of delegates using the roll, which began collecting names in 2011. In Paradoxes of Hawaiian Sovereignty J. Kehaulani Kauanui examines contradictions of indigeneity and self-determination in U.S. domestic policy and international law. [33], On September 29, 2015, the United States Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government. As a result, they feel they do not have to answer to any government . Hawaii ranks as having one of the lowest property tax rates in the country at an average of only 0.28%. Nation of Hawaii Honorary Consul Generals working on tokenization and UIT investment, Permaculture instructor Andrew Millison journeys to Hawaii to investigate the ecological and, On this 28th anniversary of the signing, The Nation of Hawaii is. In 1989, the group occupied the area surrounding the Makapuu lighthouse on Oahu. This Big Island Pro's and Con's episode discusses wide variety of activities, including the UNESCO World Heritage Site at the Volcanoes National Forest. The bill makes a commitment to reconciliation. [16] It became a U.S. state on March 18, 1959, following a referendum in which at least 93% of voters approved of statehood. The first impression received on landing in Honolulu is that one is in a New England city, far more American, in fact, than many of our Western cities, he said. Senior Executive Advisor, Nation of Hawaii. The chain of islands sits about 2,000 miles from San Francisco across the ocean, giving the continental 48 some protection against a potential invasion. There's a plethora of water sports such as snorkeling, scuba diving, canoeing, kayaking, swimming and world-class surfing. The party was generally more radical than the Democratic Party of Hawaii. Senior Executive Advisor, Nation of Hawai'i. Ed. Since it would become a joint resolution instead of a treaty, the super-majority rule in the Senate didnt need to be followed. If the US didn't proceed with the annexation of Hawaii, another country would have. Limit shadow IT and enable new ways of working. Only 10 years of age when he succeeded to the throne, he was initially under the regency of Kamehameha I's favourite wife, Kaahumanu, who had been regent ever since Kamehameha II had visited England in 1824 and died . Within the U.S. no state is further south than Hawaii is. Sai teaches Hawaiian Studies at Windward Community College. With the colonial interests of the United States in mind, the foothold that Hawaii provided Americans to the sugar trade created a lot of immediate wealth for farmers willing to relocate to the island. Hawaiian Sovereignty 169 indigeneous Hawaiians afforded an opportunity to register separately a choice among the alternatives of independence, statehood, or status quo. After an attempt to restore the monarchy in 1895 failed, American officials placed the queen under house arrest. There has also been opposition to the concept of ancestry-based sovereignty, which critics maintain is tantamount to racial exclusion. It's impossible to complain about the weather while living in Hawaii! While there is an extensive list of pros to retiring in Hawaii, there are also certain cons that are imperative to consider. Hawaiian National Sovereignty means that Hawaiians, the first people of this land, get to fully be themselves through political, economic, social, and cultural lenses without interference by outside forces, including the current illegal occupation by the State of Hawaii and the U.S. My time as a Governance Specialist in the Advocacy Department at the Office of Hawaiian Affairs was a frustrating experience at times because a state agency can never be the entity to help Hawaiians as a people come together and decide on a governance structure. It's the perfect place to relax and unwind, and you'll quickly find yourself adapting to the slower lifestyle. Rob Benwell gives you the information and bonus tools you need to create long-term blog profits. List of the Cons of the Annexation of Hawaii. My research affirmed that Hawaiians are in a very unique position. This page was last edited on 12 February 2023, at 17:36. Who could have thought that a gem like TFTH was also available for our help when Mo'oaupuni: Resources on Hawaiian Political Landscapes . Churchill, Ward. After Lot Kapuiwa took the throne as King Kamehameha V, he established, by special decree,[34] the Order of Kamehameha I on April 11, 1865, named to honor his grandfather Kamehameha I, founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the House of Kamehameha. However, the very fact of Nation of Hawaiis existence, its recognition by other indigenous nations, UN bodies and Member States, and its sovereign land base of Puuhonua o Waimnalo within the State of Hawaii, illustrate how important and groundbreaking the Apology Law is. [48] The group believes that there are problems with the process and version of the bill. Additionally, while 18.9% of the U.S. population identifies as Hispanic and Latino, that number is only 11.1% in Hawaii. [31], The U.S. constitution recognizes Native American tribes as domestic, dependent nations with inherent rights of self-determination through the U.S. government as a trust responsibility, which was extended to include Eskimos, Aleuts and Native Alaskans with the passing of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Pros: 1. [78], Sai claimed to represent the Hawaiian Kingdom in Larsen v. Hawaiian Kingdom, a case brought before the World Court's Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague in 2000. In 1976, Walter Ritte and the group Protect Kahoolawe Ohana (PKO) filed suit in U.S. federal court to stop the Navy's use of Kahoolawe for bombardment training, to require compliance with a number of new environmental laws, and to ensure protection of cultural resources on the island. Kanahele was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to eight months in federal prison, along with a probation period in which he was barred from the puuhonua and participation in his sovereignty efforts. culligan whole house water filter manual; what does eventide mean; beats x battery replacement; shell gas credit cards instant approval; munchkin float and play bubbles bath toy, 4 count. [83], About 70 members of one separatist group, the "Hawaiian Kingdom Government", which claimed about 1,000 members in 2008, chained the gates and blocked the entrance to Iolani Palace for about two hours, disrupting tours on April 30, 2008. But in 2000, a panel of the committee stated that Native Hawaiians have maintained a unique community. [20], On December 14, 1893, Albert Willis arrived unannounced in Honolulu aboard the USRC Corwin, bringing with him an anticipation of an American invasion in order to restore the monarchy, which became known as the Black Week. With the national average at 3.7 crimes per 1000 people, Hawaii is at 2.5. and its sister group, Mauna Kea Hui, are indigenous Native Hawaiian cultural groups with environmental concerns in Hawaii. The total value of the commodities that the state currently offers is almost $650 million. Diverse outdoor recreation options. It wasnt until Queen Liliuokalani wanted to establish a stronger monarchy in the region that the plantation owners on the islands moved to depose her. Another positive feature of Hawaii is that the crime rates are relatively low. [64] The Hawaii State Constitution guarantees Native Hawaiians' religious and cultural rights. Many native Hawaiians continue to advocate for self . Neal Conan and guests examine the controversy over sovereignty for native Hawaiians. Enhanced services and customer support. The islands were granted statehood in 1959. Benefits of digital sovereignty for businesses. A treaty of friendship signed by the United States and Hawaii in 1849 became the foundation of a friendship treaty that would begin the eventual process of integration. We would see the advantages of this benefit in the first days of World War II. [29][30] The territory was then given a territorial government in an Organic Act in 1900. Let it alone." [54], Blaisdell and the 12 groups that comprise the Ka Pkaukau believe in a "nation-within-a-nation" concept as a start to independence and are willing to negotiate with the President of the United States as "representatives of our nation as co-equals". The Hawaiian dollar, called the dala, was the official currency of the eight-island chain for 50 years, finally ending after the annexation took place. [68] Many of Hawaii's laws can be traced to Kingdom of Hawaii law. 2017 . List of the Pros of Living in Hawaii. By Lindsay Kukona Pakele, Esq., J.D., M.S. Listen to LWV members and Sherry Bracken on Island Conversations discuss the pros & cons of the 16 Charter Amendments on the 2020 ballot. Ritte became a leader in the Hawaiian community, coordinating community efforts including for water rights, opposition to land development, and the protection of marine animals[75] and ocean resources. If a war occurred with Japan, China, or another eastern country, then the islands would act in the same way that Bermuda acts as a key defensive structure if the U.S. were to ever have a war with the United Kingdom. [75] He now leads the effort to create state legislation requiring the labeling of genetically modified organisms in Hawaii. It would eventually become the 50th state in 1959. [45] The group supports federal recognition, independence from the United States,[46]:38 and inclusion of Native Hawaiians in federal Indian policy. Protesters have used the upside-down Hawaiian flag as a symbol of their distressthe upside-down flag is also associated with the Hawaiian sovereignty movement . Posted on July 21, 2013. Although Americans were lagging behind in some areas, the move to push outward helped the various island countries and small nation-states to begin a path toward modernization. 1. Rip currents, floods, so-so snorkeling (and where to go for the best one). [99][100] This is technically incorrect, as Native Hawaiians are not indigenous peoples of continental America but Malayo-Polynesians more closely related to Mori people, Tahitians, and other Pacific Islanders, and by extension to Malay people, Indonesians, Filipinos, and aboriginal Taiwanese. Samuel Dole, the leader of the effort, would become the first governor after the annexation and integration as a territory. Heavens Above: Pros of Annexing Hawaii. By Lindsay Kukona Pakele, Esq., J.D., M.S. Akaka Bill. hawaiian sovereignty pros and cons. [citation needed], The Aboriginal Lands of Hawaiian Ancestry (ALOHA) and the Principality of Aloha[38] were organized sometime in the late 1960s or '70s when Native Alaskan and American Indian activism was beginning. "Hawaiians (United States). During the summer of 2006, after being in diaspora for almost a decade, I came to Oahu to do research for my senior honors thesis for my undergraduate degree at Wesleyan University. The availability of low-cost Japanese and Asian labor on the island created new economic systems where those who had grown up there struggled to find opportunities at survival. [82] But the court accepts arbitration from private entities and a hearing before it does not mean international recognition. However, as pointed out by the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, the call for reconciliation remained unfulfilled, while a growing movement of indigenous Hawaiians challenged the legitimacy and legality of the annexation of Hawaii following the overthrow, as well as the process by which Hawaii had moved from its designation as a non-self-governing territory under United Nations supervision to being incorporated into the United States as one of its federal states in 1959. Low Crime Rate. It also transferred power through a redefinition of the electoral franchise to Americans, Europeans, and landowners in the islands. Low crime rates. It provides people with regional stability. Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation Executive Director Mahealani Kamauu has said that only in the last 25 years have Native Hawaiians "had a modicum of political empowerment and been able to exercise direct responsibility for their own affairs, that progress has been made in so many areas". 3 bedroom apartments montrose; axis title matplotlib. 1. However, many people's lives go practically unaffected in a data harvesting model, and beyond that, this same group likes being able to use a . Nation of Hawaiis history of peaceful coexistence with the U.S. and the State of Hawaii and its daily affirmation of Hawaiian National Sovereignty, under the Apology Law and the UN human rights framework, is the focus of this paper. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. This action allowed the islands to move toward more integration with the American economy, but it also took away one of the unique aspects that were in place when the monarchy was still in control. Most Hawaiians were against the action. [70], Hayden Burgess, an attorney who goes by the Hawaiian name Poka Laenui, heads the Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs. hawaiian sovereignty pros and cons. Our Group company Alebda is a multi-tasking creative agency that is able to deliver solutions in almost all area of marketing and more importantly we have the expertise to execute complete media solutions which are Corporate Brading & Identity, Multimedia Works, Professioanl Products Photography etc. men's leather bracelet designer; can border collies live outside in the winter; statistics for human resource management pdf . [64] She is one of several people who sued to stop the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope[65] and is the director of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou. The tribunal found the U.S. guilty, and published its findings in a lengthy document filed with the U.N. Popular sovereignty allows each region to manage their own resources at the individual level, creating a natural set of checks and balances. Efforts to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: recognition, reparation and reconciliation, Report of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, A/HRC/EMRIP/2019/3/Rev.1, at para. Venne, Sharon H. (2004). pandoc templates folder; derral - deep mysteries. [16] American missionaries arrived in 1820 and assumed great power and influence. She would abdicate the thrown in return for the commutation of the sentence of her fellow conspirators.. Hawaii became overpopulated with foreigners coming into Hawaii to work and live as a citizen (Kea, Monica). Haunani-Kay. The next question is how can a country of Hawaii be financially able to . [49] Still, Trask supported the original Akaka Bill and was a member of a group that crafted it. Here are my top things to know before moving to Hawaii: An abundance of natural beauty. Many of the technologies and ideas that would become the forefront of new industries were created because of the desire to be imperialistic. The next question is how can a country of Hawaii be financially able to . 2022 honda civic hatchback sport touring for sale hawaiian sovereignty pros and consfour points sheraton newtonfour points sheraton newton There are large quantities of flowers, coffee, bananas, tomatoes, and Macadamia nuts provided as well. 6. Hawaiians also have access to state and federal programs even without a formally recognized government whereas so many indigenous peoples in the U.S. and around the world are fighting for any recognition at all by their Member States. It provides the first evidence that officially identifies U.S. complicity in the overthrow of the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Kahau said that "protest" and "sovereignty group" mischaracterize the group, but that it is a seat of government. The Hawaiian people were against the annexation efforts. [94], Native Hawaiians' growing frustration over Hawaiian homelands and the 100th anniversary of the overthrow pushed the Hawaiian sovereignty movement to the forefront of politics in Hawaii. While there is an extensive list of pros to retiring in Hawaii, there are also certain cons that are imperative to consider. Bible Commentary Bible Verses Devotionals Faith Prayers Coloring Pages Pros and Cons, 50 Biblically Accurate Facts About Angels in the Bible, 50 Most Profitable Youth Group Fundraising Ideas for Your Church, 250 Ice Breaker Questions for Teen Youth Groups, 25 Important Examples of Pride in the Bible, Why Jesus Wept and 11 Lessons from His Tears, 25 Different Ways to Worship God and Praise the Lord. Answer (1 of 7): One of the first problems, in my opinion, is how do you define native Hawaiians? [52], Ka Pkaukau leader Kekuni Blaisdell[48] is a medical doctor and founding chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Hawai'i John Burns School of Medicine who advocates for Hawaiian independence. The Hawaiian sovereignty movement (Hawaiian: ke ea Hawaii) is a grassroots political and cultural campaign to reestablish an autonomous or independent nation or kingdom of Hawaii out of a desire for sovereignty, self-determination, and self-governance. 2. Then he landed in Honolulu and said that the chain of eight islands seemed to be in a class of their own. The group is described as a "Native Hawaiian organization comprised of cultural and lineal descendants, and traditional, spiritual and religious practitioners of the sacred traditions of Mauna Kea. My years as a civil rights attorney allowed me to view the Apology Law in a new light. [10], In 1993, a joint congressional resolution apologized for the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, and said that the overthrow was illegal. The Native Hawaiian Roll Commission has since purged the list of names of deceased persons as well as those whose mailing or email addresses could not be verified. There was legitimate concern that either France or Britain would take over the eight-island chain after their forced treaties of economic opportunity were signed. There were preferential terms given to growers in the treaties, helping the market to rise from $0.04 per pound in 1861 to a full quarter by 1864. government. Dan Boylan asks, "Is an independent Native Hawaiian government within reach?". President Benjamin Harrison actually signed an annexation treaty with this government, but the Senate never got to the two-thirds majority to ratify it before there was a transfer of power in Washington. This, in addition to its refusal to work with other parties, meant that it was unable to pass any legislation. 1. [96] The bill is considered a reconciliation process, but it has not had that effect, instead being the subject of much controversy and political fighting in many arenas. [42]:62 It is considered the largest sovereignty movement group, claiming a membership of 21,000 in 1997. Mililani B. skinny singles pickleball strategy; all-time grizzlies players 2k22; natural products journal impact factor. Mililani Trask was its first leader. By - July 6, 2022. #3. That means there is the perfect environment for you to live when you consider all of the islands. Grassroot Institute of Hawaii CEO Kelii Akina filed suit to see the names on the roll, won, and found serious flaws. The Cons of Popular Sovereignty. But sovereignty groups opposed the bill because of its provisions that legitimized illegal land transfers, and it was criticized by a 2006 U.S. Commission on Civil Rights report (which was later reversed in 2018)[13] for the effect it would have on non-ethnic Hawaiian populations. He is a descendant of Kamehameha I, 11 generations removed. In 2019, the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP) wrote a report entitled, Efforts to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: recognition, reparation and reconciliation, which referred directly to the Apology Law: 59. However, it actually highlights that the Apology Law in and of itself recognized that the U.S. government and the State of Hawaii could never define what justice means for Hawaiians because the U.S. government was the party that had injured Hawaiians in the first place. In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in his favor, and OHA elections are now open to all registered voters. Osorio, Jonathan Kay Kamakawiwoole (2002). Willis was Blount's successor as United States Minister to Hawaii. I had studied Hawaiian sovereignty and spoken to various people about its meaning, but I truly didnt understand it on a visceral, naau level until I visited Puuhonua o Waimnalo and felt the shift as I crossed the gate and the boundary that separated the Nation from the State of Hawaii and the U.S. Something was different about the air, the land, and the people and it was because in this place, Hawaiian National Sovereignty lives, breathes, and has space to thrive. [32] Native Hawaiians are recognized by the U.S. government through legislation with a unique status. Only requires State of Hawaii approval; Protected under U.S; Possible step towards full independence, What are the cons of sovereignty . In 1993, its members occupied Kaupo Beach, near Makapuu. ", "International Arbitration Larsen vs. Hawaiian Kingdom", "Most provocative notion in Hawaiian affairs", "Dr. David Keanu Sai (Hawaiian flag raised with others)", "Permanent Court of Arbitration: About Us", "Native Hawaiians seek to restore monarchy", "Group of Hawaiians occupies Iolani Palace, vows to return", "Kanuha Found Not Guilty Of Obstruction on Mauna Kea", "How Lanakila Mangauil came to Mauna Kea", "Musical Melanesianism: Imagining and Expressing Regional Identity and Solidarity in Popular Song and Video", "Reconciliation at a Crossroads: The Implications of the Apology Resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State Programs Benefiting Native Hawaiians", "Interior Considers Procedures to Reestablish a Government-to-Government Relationship with the Native Hawaiian Community", "Office of Hawaiian Affairs: Rant vs. Reason on Race", "Supreme Court of the United States: Opinion of the Court", "Interior Department announces procedure for Native Hawaiian recognition", "Interior Proposes Path for Re-Establishing Government-to-Government Relationship with Native Hawaiian Community", "Critics: Hawaiian constitutional convention election process is flawed", "Fed Appeals Court Won't Stop Hawaiian Election Vote Count", "Opponents Ask High Court to Block Native Hawaiian Vote Count", "Supreme Court Justice Intervenes in Native Hawaiian Election", Paradoxes of Hawaiian Sovereignty: Land, Sex, and the Colonial Politics of State Nationalism, "Native Hawaiians Study Commission Report GrassrootWiki", Hui Aloha Aina Anti-Annexation Petitions, 18971898, "Pride in Hawaiian Culture Reawakened: Seeds of Sovereignty Movement Sown during 1960s70s Renaissance", Native Hawaiians battle in the courts and in Congress, Political tsunami hits Hawaii, by Rubellite Kawena Kinney Johnson, Blog of articles and documents on Hawaiian sovereignty, Sovereign Stories: 100 Years of Subjugation, Resolution on Knaka Maoli Self-Determination and Reinscription of Ka Pae ina (Hawaii) on the U.N. list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, Connection between Hawaiian health and sovereignty, 2004 Presentation given by Umi Perkins at a Kamehameha Schools research conference, Documents and essays opposing sovereignty, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement&oldid=1138967702.
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